{"service":"mearef","description":"Middle Eastern government reference data: clean, cited JSON for policy rates, tax rates, minimum wages, public holidays and more.","evaluation":{"country":"AE","note":"Every AE series on this service is FREE — current value, history and as_at, with full citations. It is the evaluation country: exercise the real paid surface on it before paying for the rest.","verify_any_country_free":{"html_pages":"Every country's CURRENT value, its citation, effective date and last-verified date are published free as HTML at /{country}/{series} — e.g. /ke/policy-rate. No payment, no key. Check any value in this catalog against its official source before you buy anything.","this_catalog":"Every series listed here carries its full source citation, last_confirmed date and confidence level, free, for every country — not just the evaluation country.","what_payment_buys":"Machine-readable JSON, /history, ?as_at= point-in-time reads, the computed answer endpoints, and certified extracts. The DATA is not hidden; the API convenience is what is sold."}},"products":[{"id":"corporate-tax","kind":"product","countries_held":9,"countries_applicable":9,"complete":true,"applicable_universe":"Every country this service holds."},{"id":"cpi","kind":"product","countries_held":9,"countries_applicable":9,"complete":true,"applicable_universe":"Every country this service holds."},{"id":"income-tax","kind":"product","countries_held":9,"countries_applicable":9,"complete":true,"applicable_universe":"Every country this service holds."},{"id":"minimum-wage","kind":"product","countries_held":9,"countries_applicable":9,"complete":true,"applicable_universe":"Every country this service holds."},{"id":"policy-rate","kind":"product","countries_held":9,"countries_applicable":9,"complete":true,"applicable_universe":"Every country this service holds."},{"id":"public-holidays","kind":"product","countries_held":9,"countries_applicable":9,"complete":true,"applicable_universe":"Every country this service holds."},{"id":"social-contributions","kind":"product","countries_held":9,"countries_applicable":9,"complete":true,"applicable_universe":"Every country this service holds."},{"id":"statutory-interest","kind":"product","countries_held":9,"countries_applicable":9,"complete":true,"applicable_universe":"Every country this service holds."},{"id":"vat","kind":"product","countries_held":9,"countries_applicable":9,"complete":true,"applicable_universe":"Every country this service holds."},{"id":"vat-registration-threshold","kind":"product","countries_held":9,"countries_applicable":9,"complete":true,"applicable_universe":"Every country this service holds."},{"id":"withholding-tax","kind":"product","countries_held":9,"countries_applicable":9,"complete":true,"applicable_universe":"Every country this service holds."}],"countries":[{"country":"AE","name":"United Arab Emirates","currency":"AED","series":[{"id":"policy-rate","name":"CBUAE Base Rate (Overnight Deposit Facility)","description":"The Base Rate set by the Central Bank of the UAE, applied to the Overnight Deposit Facility (ODF). It signals the general stance of monetary policy and provides an effective floor for overnight money-market interest rates in the UAE. It is NOT an independent policy decision: the AED is pegged to the US dollar at 3.6725, so the Base Rate is anchored to the US Federal Reserve's Interest Rate on Reserve Balances (IORB) and the CBUAE adjusts it on its own initiative immediately after each FOMC move.","free":true,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2025-12-11","source":{"name":"CBUAE press release 'CBUAE Lowers the Base Rate by 25 Basis Points', Abu Dhabi 10 December 2025 — cut the Base Rate applicable to the Overnight Deposit Facility (ODF) from 3.90% to 3.65%, effective from Thursday 11 December 2025, following the US Fed's 25bp cut to the IORB the same day","url":"https://www.centralbank.ae/media/051jybbj/cbuae-lowers-the-base-rate-by-25-basis-points-en.pdf"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/ae/policy-rate"},{"id":"vat","name":"VAT standard rate","description":"Standard rate of Value Added Tax under Federal Decree-Law No. (8) of 2017 on Value Added Tax, administered by the Federal Tax Authority (FTA). A federal, GCC-framework VAT introduced across the UAE on 1 January 2018.","free":true,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-12","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2018-01-01","source":{"name":"Federal Decree-Law No. (8) of 2017 on Value Added Tax, Article (3) Tax Rate — 'a standard rate of 5% shall be imposed on any supply or Import pursuant to Article (2) of this Decree-Law' (Federal Tax Authority, unofficial English translation)","url":"https://tax.gov.ae/DataFolder/Files/Pdf/VAT-Decree-Law-No-8-of-2017.pdf"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/ae/vat"},{"id":"vat-registration-threshold","name":"VAT registration threshold","description":"The turnover at which VAT/GST registration becomes compulsory in the United Arab Emirates, with the period the test runs over, the rule for non-established suppliers, and any separate treatment of imported digital services.","free":true,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2018-01-01","source":{"name":"Cabinet Decision No. 52 of 2017 (VAT Executive Regulation) art. 7(1) — 'The Mandatory Registration Threshold shall be AED 375,000 (three hundred and seventy-five thousand dirhams)' — implementing Federal Decree-Law No. 8 of 2017 art. 13(1): registration where supplies 'exceeded the Mandatory Registration Threshold over the previous 12-month period' or are anticipated to exceed it 'in the next 30 days'; Arabic (official) per FTA: 'حد التسجيل الإلزامي البالغ 375,000 درهم'.","url":"https://tax.gov.ae/DataFolder/Files/Pdf/2022/Executive%20Regulation%20of%20Federal%20Decree%20Law%20No%208%20of%202017%20-%20Publish-new-2.pdf"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/ae/vat-registration-threshold"},{"id":"minimum-wage","name":"Statutory minimum wage","description":"Private-sector statutory minimum wage. STRUCTURAL NULL — the UAE has no statutory minimum wage figure for the private sector. The Labour Law empowers the Cabinet to set one but no such rate has ever been issued.","free":true,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2022-02-02","source":{"name":"Federal Decree-Law No. (33) of 2021 on the Regulation of Employment Relationships ('UAE Labour Law', in force 2 February 2022), Article 27 — the minimum wage 'shall be determined and assessed' by Cabinet resolution upon a proposal of the Minister of Human Resources and Emiratisation (MoHRE) in coordination with the relevant authorities; no such resolution has been issued","url":"https://www.mohre.gov.ae/en/labour-law.aspx"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/ae/minimum-wage"},{"id":"public-holidays","name":"Public holidays","description":"Official public holidays for the private and public sectors for calendar year 2026, unified under Cabinet Resolution No. (27) of 2024 concerning public holidays in the State. Fixed Gregorian holidays are certain; the Islamic (Hijri) holidays are movable, depend on moon-sighting, and are announced by the UAE Cabinet — the dates below are astronomical estimates and may shift by a day.","free":true,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"u.ae (Official Platform of the UAE Government) — Public holidays, per Cabinet Resolution No. (27) of 2024: fixed holidays are Gregorian New Year (1 Jan), Commemoration Day (1 Dec) and National Day (2-3 Dec); Islamic holidays (Eid Al Fitr 4 days, Arafah Day + Eid Al Adha, Hijri New Year, Prophet's Birthday) follow the Hijri calendar and are set by moon-sighting","url":"https://u.ae/en/information-and-services/public-holidays-and-religious-affairs/public-holidays"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/ae/public-holidays"},{"id":"cpi","name":"CPI inflation (year-on-year)","description":"Headline national Consumer Price Index inflation, year-on-year percent, latest published national figure. Compiled by the Federal Competitiveness and Statistics Centre (FCSC) on a 2021=100 base; the national aggregate is published with a lag, while the individual emirates (Abu Dhabi/SCAD, Dubai/DSC) release more current emirate-level CPI.","free":true,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2025-12-01","source":{"name":"Central Bank of the UAE — Quarterly Economic Review, June 2026 (GCC inflation section): 'the UAE's inflation stood at 2.0% Y-o-Y in December 2025'. Producer of the underlying series: Federal Competitiveness and Statistics Centre (FCSC), Consumer Price Index, base 2021=100","url":"https://www.centralbank.ae/media/rafjunsc/qer_june_2026.pdf"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/ae/cpi"},{"id":"corporate-tax","name":"Corporate Tax (headline rate)","description":"Federal Corporate Tax on business profits under Federal Decree-Law No. (47) of 2022 on the Taxation of Corporations and Businesses, administered by the Federal Tax Authority. A NEW tax, effective for financial years starting on or after 1 June 2023: 0% on taxable income up to AED 375,000 and 9% above. This series carries the 9% headline rate.","free":true,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2023-06-01","source":{"name":"Federal Decree-Law No. (47) of 2022 on the Taxation of Corporations and Businesses, Article 3 — Corporate Tax imposed at 0% on the portion of taxable income not exceeding the amount set by Cabinet decision and 9% on the excess; the AED 375,000 threshold is fixed by Cabinet Decision No. (116) of 2022 (UAE Ministry of Finance, official English translation)","url":"https://mof.gov.ae/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Federal-Decree-Law-No.-47-of-2022-EN.pdf"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/ae/corporate-tax"},{"id":"withholding-tax","name":"Withholding tax rates","description":"Withholding tax the United Arab Emirates levies on payments to non-residents - dividends, interest and royalties - under the Corporate Tax regime of Federal Decree-Law No. 47 of 2022. The statutory rate is 0% on every category: the UAE currently imposes no withholding tax on any outbound payment. Administered by the Federal Tax Authority.","free":true,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-08","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2023-06-01","source":{"name":"Federal Decree-Law No. 47 of 2022 on the Taxation of Corporations and Businesses, Article 45(1): 'The following income shall be subject to Withholding Tax at the rate of 0% (zero percent) or any other rate as specified in a decision issued by the Cabinet at the suggestion of the Minister: a) The categories of State Sourced Income derived by a Non-Resident Person as prescribed in the decision issued by the Cabinet pursuant to this Article...' (Ministry of Finance unofficial English translation)","url":"https://mof.gov.ae/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Federal-Decree-Law-No.-47-of-2022-EN.pdf"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/ae/withholding-tax"},{"id":"statutory-interest","name":"Statutory delay interest on commercial debts","description":"The UAE fixes no statutory interest rate: delay interest on commercial debts accrues as of right, but at the agreed rate or, failing agreement, the market rate at the time of the transaction subject only to a 9% ceiling — a cap, not a rate. Interest on civil (non-commercial) loans is void.","free":true,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2023-01-02","source":{"name":"Commercial Transactions Law (Federal Decree-Law No. 50 of 2022) Art. 72: 'A creditor may receive an interest on a commercial loan, as per the rate of interest stipulated in the contract. If such rate is not stated in the contract, it shall be calculated according to the rate of interest prevailing in the market at the time of transaction, provided that it does not exceed (9%) up to the full repayment'; Art. 84: on delay in repaying a sum certain the debtor 'shall be bound to pay the creditors as compensation for the delay the interest provided for in Articles (72) and (73), unless otherwise agreed'","url":"https://assets.u.ae/api/public/content/79793d384f884bccb59171817ba1e9d4?v=a51ac7b6"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/ae/statutory-interest"},{"id":"income-tax","name":"Personal income tax","description":"Personal income tax on individuals' employment and other personal income. STRUCTURAL NULL — the UAE levies no personal income tax. There is no statute imposing tax on individuals' salaries or personal income.","free":true,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":null,"source":{"name":"u.ae (Official Platform of the UAE Government), Taxation — the UAE does not levy income tax on individuals; the federal taxes in force are VAT (5%), excise tax and Corporate Tax on business profits (9%), none of which is a personal income tax","url":"https://u.ae/en/information-and-services/finance-and-investment/taxation"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/ae/income-tax"},{"id":"social-contributions","name":"Statutory social-insurance contributions","description":"Mandatory payroll contributions for an ordinary private-sector employee in United Arab Emirates (AE): employee and employer shares of each statutory branch, with the ceilings and the instrument fixing each rate.","free":true,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-08","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2023-12-01","source":{"name":"Federal Decree-Law No. (57) of 2023 Concerning Pension and Social Security, Arts. 1 (definitions), 2 (scope), 3 (subscription controls), 4 (rates), 5 (subscription account salary, floor and ceiling) — Official Gazette No. 762, 31 Oct 2023. Federal Law No. (7) of 1999 Promulgating the Pensions and Social Security Law (as amended), Art. 1 (definition of \"The Subscription Account Salary\", private-sector floor/ceiling) and Art. 2 (rates) — Official Gazette No. 331, 28 Feb 1999. Federal Decree-Law No. (13) of 2022 Concerning Insurance Against Unemployment, Art. 3 (scope) — Official Gazette No. 736, 28 Sep 2022; Cabinet Resolution No. (97) of 2022 Concerning Mechanisms and Controls for Implementing the Unemployment Insurance Scheme, Arts. 1 (Subscription Salary), 2 (scope/exclusions), 6 (collection mechanism), 7 (subscription values) — Official Gazette No. 738, 31 Oct 2022. Abu Dhabi Law No. (18) of 2023 Amending Certain Provisions of Law No. (2) of 2000 Regarding Civil Retirement Pensions and Benefits in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, amending Art. 2 (definition of \"Wage (Pensionable Salary)\") and Art. 15 (contributions) — Abu Dhabi Official Gazette, 11th Edition, 1 Dec 2023. DIFC Employment Law, DIFC Law No. 2 of 2019 (as amended), Arts. 65 and 66(7)–(8).","url":"https://uaelegislation.gov.ae/en/legislations/2254"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/ae/social-contributions"}]},{"country":"BH","name":"Bahrain","currency":"BHD","series":[{"id":"policy-rate","name":"CBB Key Policy Rate — one-week deposit rate","description":"The one-week deposit rate on the Central Bank of Bahrain's standing deposit facility. The CBB states explicitly on its Monetary Policy page that \"The 1-week deposit rate is the CBB Key Policy Rate\" — it is the designated policy rate, NOT the overnight deposit rate that CBB press releases headline. The CBB also runs an overnight deposit facility, a four-week deposit facility, overnight repo/secured lending and Islamic Wakalah/Commodity Murabaha equivalents. Because the Bahraini dinar is pegged to the US dollar at BHD 0.376 = USD 1 (effectively unchanged since 1980), the CBB has no independent monetary stance and moves its facility ladder in step with the US Federal Reserve.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2025-12-11","source":{"name":"Central Bank of Bahrain — Facilities & Interest Rates, Standing Facilities (BHD) table read 09 Aug 2026: One Week Deposit Rate 4.500, O/N Deposit Rate 4.250, 4-Week Deposit Rate 5.000, O/N Repo Rate 5.250; the 1-week deposit rate is designated the CBB Key Policy Rate on the CBB Monetary Policy page. Level set by the CBB decision of 10 Dec 2025 (25bps cut effective 11 Dec 2025)","url":"https://www.cbb.gov.bh/facilities-interest-rates/"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/bh/policy-rate"},{"id":"vat","name":"Value-added tax (VAT) — standard rate","description":"Standard rate of value-added tax under Decree-Law No. (48) of 2018 regarding VAT, administered by the National Bureau for Revenue (NBR). Bahrain implemented VAT under the GCC Unified Agreement for VAT and is the only GCC state to have doubled its rate from the 5% treaty baseline.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2022-01-01","source":{"name":"National Bureau for Revenue (NBR) — VAT FAQs, section 1 (General), Q1.1: 'VAT was introduced in the Kingdom of Bahrain on 1 January 2019 at a standard rate of 5% ... With effect from 1 January 2022, the standard rate of VAT has been amended to be 10%.' NBR page last updated 20 Jul 2026","url":"https://www.nbr.gov.bh/vat_faqs"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/bh/vat"},{"id":"vat-registration-threshold","name":"VAT registration threshold","description":"The turnover at which VAT/GST registration becomes compulsory in Bahrain, with the period the test runs over, the rule for non-established suppliers, and any separate treatment of imported digital services.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2020-01-01","source":{"name":"National Bureau for Revenue (NBR), VAT General Guide, Version 1.13, s.3.2.2: a Bahrain-resident VATable person must register if 'The amount of his annual supplies during the previous 12 months exceeds BHD 37,500; or The amount of his annual supplies to be provided in the next 12 months is expected to exceed BHD 37,500', and for non-residents 'There is no minimum registration threshold for non-resident persons. Making a standard rated supply of BHD 1 to a non-registered customer will result in an obligation to register.' Legal basis: Decree-Law No. 48 of 2018 (VAT Law) and its Executive Regulations, implementing the GCC Unified VAT Agreement (mandatory threshold = SAR 375,000 equivalent; voluntary = half).","url":"https://www.nbr.gov.bh/vat_registration"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/bh/vat-registration-threshold"},{"id":"minimum-wage","name":"Statutory national minimum wage","description":"Statutory wage floor for workers. STRUCTURAL NULL — Bahrain has NO statutory minimum wage. Neither the Labour Law for the Private Sector (Law No. 36 of 2012) nor any subordinate instrument fixes a wage floor for private-sector, migrant or domestic workers; wages are set by the individual contract of employment.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-13","confidence":"primary","effective_from":null,"source":{"name":"Law No. (36) of 2012 Promulgating the Labour Law for the Private Sector — official consolidated text published by the Legislation and Legal Opinion Commission (LLOC), Kingdom of Bahrain (Official Gazette No. 3063, 2 Aug 2012). The wages chapter (Articles 38-49) regulates the currency, timing, place and protection of wage payment and, at Article 39, prohibits wage discrimination by sex, origin, language, religion or belief — but nowhere prescribes a minimum amount CITATION NOTE (2026-08-05): the LLOC path is case-sensitive - /En/ serves the law and /en/ returns 404. The previous citation differed only by that capital.","url":"https://www.lloc.gov.bh/En/Legislation/id/K3612"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/bh/minimum-wage"},{"id":"public-holidays","name":"Official public holidays","description":"Bahrain's official public holidays for calendar year 2026. Under Article 64 of the Labour Law for the Private Sector (Law No. 36 of 2012), workers are entitled to full pay on the feasts and official occasions DETERMINED BY A RESOLUTION OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS on the Minister's proposal — the list is set by Cabinet decision, not fixed in the statute. Four are fixed-Gregorian (New Year, Labour Day, National Day over two days); the rest are Hijri and move roughly 11 days earlier each Gregorian year, subject to moon sighting.","free":true,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Central Bank of Bahrain — Official Bank Holidays 2026: New Year's Day 1 Jan; Eid Al Fitr 1447 20-22 Mar; Labour Day 1 May; Eid Al Adha 1447 27-29 May; Al Hijra New Year 1448 16 Jun; Ashoora 1448 24-25 Jun; Prophet's Birthday 1448 25 Aug; National Day 16-17 Dec. The page carries the CBB's own caveat that 'All Islamic holidays are subject to confirmation at the time'","url":"https://www.cbb.gov.bh/official-bank-holidays/"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/bh/public-holidays"},{"id":"cpi","name":"Consumer Price Index (latest month)","description":"Bahrain's official monthly Consumer Price Index, general index (all items), base April 2019 = 100, compiled and published by the Information & eGovernment Authority (iGA) and released on the Bahrain Open Data Portal under COICOP classification by division and group.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-11","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-07-01","source":{"name":"Optional land. Official Bahrain Open Data API dataset 01-consumer-price-index-division-and-group-index-number (base April 2019=100). All-items CPI index July 2026 = 104.0. Same series: May 2026=102.8, June 2026=103.7. This is the index level, not a YoY percent. August 2026 not in API at last_confirmed (2026 months present: Jan–Jul only).","url":"https://www.data.gov.bh/api/explore/v2.1/catalog/datasets/01-consumer-price-index-division-and-group-index-number/records?where=year%3E%3D%272026-01-01%27%20AND%20month%3D%2707%20July%27%20AND%20coicop_code%3D%270%27"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/bh/cpi"},{"id":"corporate-tax","name":"General corporate income tax rate","description":"Standard rate of corporate income tax on business profits. STRUCTURAL NULL — Bahrain levies NO general corporate income tax. The only two corporate profit taxes on the statute book are sector-specific (hydrocarbons) and scope-limited (a Pillar Two top-up on very large multinational groups); neither is a general rate applicable to companies at large.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":null,"source":{"name":"Bahrain Economic Development Board (the Kingdom's official investment promotion authority) — 'Bahrain's Tax-Free Business Environment': 'The government of Bahrain doesn't collect corporate taxes on businesses that do not work in the oil and gas industry'; corroborated by the National Bureau for Revenue, whose Laws & Executive Regulations index (site last updated 20 Jul 2026) covers VAT, Excise and DMTT only — there is no corporate income tax law for the NBR to administer","url":"https://www.bahrainedb.com/bahrain-pulse/advantages-0-corporate-income-taxes"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/bh/corporate-tax"},{"id":"withholding-tax","name":"Withholding tax rates","description":"Bahrain levies NO withholding tax on any payment to non-residents - dividends, interest and royalties all leave Bahrain gross. Bahrain has no general corporate income tax (only the oil and gas income tax under Amiri Decree 22/1979 and, from 2025, the Domestic Minimum Top-up Tax on large multinationals under Decree-Law 11/2024, neither of which contains any withholding mechanism). This record exists to state that absence with a citation.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"secondary","effective_from":null,"source":{"name":"PwC Worldwide Tax Summaries - Bahrain (reviewed 26 July 2026): 'There are no withholding taxes (WHTs) on the payment of dividends, interest, or royalties in Bahrain.'","url":"https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/bahrain/corporate/withholding-taxes"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/bh/withholding-tax"},{"id":"statutory-interest","name":"Legal interest on commercial debts","description":"Bahrain's Law of Commerce entitles a creditor to delay interest on commercial debts at 'the legally applicable rate', but leaves that rate to be fixed by the central bank by notice — and no notice fixing a legal rate is published, so no number can be served.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":null,"source":{"name":"Law of Commerce (Decree-Law No. 7 of 1987) Art. 76(4): 'Interest shall be calculated at the legally applicable rate unless a different rate is agreed upon, provided it shall not exceed the legally prescribed limits'; Art. 76(5): 'The Bahrain Monetary Agency shall, by a notice issued from time to time, determine the legal rate and the maximum rate of interest provided for in the preceding paragraph'; Art. 81(1) (as amended by Legislative Decree No. 4 of 1992): 'Interest for delay of payment of commercial debts shall accrue upon maturity of such debts, unless the law or the agreement provides otherwise'","url":"https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/bh/bh069en.html"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/bh/statutory-interest"},{"id":"income-tax","name":"Personal income tax","description":"Personal income tax on individuals. STRUCTURAL NULL — Bahrain imposes NO personal income tax on the salaries, wages, allowances or other income of individuals, whether Bahraini nationals or expatriate residents. No personal income tax law exists and no individual income-tax return is filed.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":null,"source":{"name":"Bahrain Economic Development Board (official investment promotion authority) — 'Bahrain's Tax-Free Business Environment': income taxes are not charged in Bahrain and employees 'won't have to pay income taxes'; 'There are no wealth or capital gains taxes in Bahrain'. Corroborated by the National Bureau for Revenue, the Kingdom's sole tax authority, which administers only VAT, Excise and the DMTT (site last updated 20 Jul 2026) — no personal income tax is levied or collected","url":"https://www.bahrainedb.com/bahrain-pulse/advantages-0-corporate-income-taxes"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/bh/income-tax"},{"id":"social-contributions","name":"Statutory social-insurance contributions","description":"Mandatory payroll contributions for a private-sector employee in Bahrain (BH): the contributory social-insurance branches, which apply in full ONLY to Bahraini nationals, the employment-injury and unemployment cover that reaches expatriates, and the SIO-administered end-of-service scheme that replaced the employer-paid gratuity for non-Bahrainis.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-11","confidence":"secondary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Social Insurance Organization (SIO), Kingdom of Bahrain — Social Insurance Law promulgated by Legislative Decree No. (24) of 1976, English text published by SIO, articles 11, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33 (old age, disability and death: employer 11%, insured 7%), 47 (employment injuries: employer 3%), 135, 148 and 149 read directly; Decision No. (109) of 2023 promulgating the Regulation of End of Service Remuneration for non-Bahrainis working in the private sector, full text published by SIO and read in full, articles 1 to 15 including article 5 (contribution rates 4.2% / 8.4%) and Article Four of the promulgating Decision (in force 1 March 2024); Law No. (78) of 2006 with respect to Insurance Against Unemployment and its amendments, as published by SIO, for the 1% insured / 1% employer / 1% Government financing; Law No. (68) of 2006 approving the Unified Regulation for extending insurance protection to GCC nationals working outside their own State; Private Sector Labour Law promulgated by Law No. (36) of 2012.","url":"https://www.sio.gov.bh/en/end-of-service-benefits"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/bh/social-contributions"}]},{"country":"IL","name":"Israel","currency":"ILS","series":[{"id":"policy-rate","name":"Bank of Israel interest rate","description":"The Bank of Israel interest rate (ריבית בנק ישראל) — the central bank's headline policy rate, decided by the Monetary Committee (הוועדה המוניטרית) established under the Bank of Israel Law, 5770-2010, at eight scheduled decisions a year published at 16:00 on the announcement date. A new rate does not apply on the announcement day: it takes effect at the start of the next reserve-maintenance period, which for a Monday announcement is the following Thursday.","free":false,"stale":true,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-07-09","source":{"name":"Bank of Israel press release, 'The Monetary Committee decides on July 6, 2026 to lower the interest rate to 3.5 percent.' (06/07/2026); effective date 09/07/2026 per the BoI 'Interest rate announcement dates 2026' table (Maintenance period Start Date column)","url":"https://www.boi.org.il/en/communication-and-publications/press-releases/the-monetary-committee-decides-on-july-6-2026-to-lower-the-interest-rate-to-35-percent/"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/il/policy-rate"},{"id":"vat","name":"VAT standard rate (מס ערך מוסף)","description":"Standard rate of Israeli value added tax on a transaction in Israel and on the importation of goods. Under the Value Added Tax Law, 5736-1975, the rate is not fixed in the primary statute: it is 'a single proportion of the price of the transaction or of the goods, as prescribed by the Minister of Finance by order after consultation with the Knesset Finance Committee', so it changes by Ministerial Order (צו מס ערך מוסף (שיעור המס על עסקה ועל יבוא טובין)) ratified by the Finance Committee and approved in the Knesset plenum.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2025-01-01","source":{"name":"Israel Tax Authority, 'היסטורית שיעורי מס ערך מוסף' (VAT rate history database page, updated 26.12.2024): '1.1.25 עלה המע\"מ ל-18%'. Instrument: Value Added Tax Order (Tax Rate for Transaction and Import of Goods) (Amendment), 2024, approved by the Knesset Plenum on 12 March 2024 (47 in favour, 29 against) after ratification by the Finance Committee","url":"https://www.gov.il/he/pages/vat-history"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/il/vat"},{"id":"vat-registration-threshold","name":"VAT registration threshold","description":"The turnover at which VAT/GST registration becomes compulsory in Israel, with the period the test runs over, the rule for non-established suppliers, and any separate treatment of imported digital services.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"secondary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"רשות המסים בישראל — סכומים ושיעורים במע\"מ (Israel Tax Authority, VAT amounts and rates): osek patur ceiling ILS 122,833 for 2026; statutory base in Value Added Tax Law 5736-1975 s.1: \"עוסק שמחזור העסקאות שלו בכל עסקיו אינו עולה על 120,000 שקלים חדשים לשנה\" ('a dealer whose transaction turnover in all his businesses does not exceed NIS 120,000 a year'), CPI-indexed each 1 January.","url":"https://www.gov.il/he/departments/general/vat-rate-amount-new"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/il/vat-registration-threshold"},{"id":"minimum-wage","name":"National minimum wage","description":"Israel's single national statutory minimum wage under the Minimum Wage Law, 5747-1987 (חוק שכר מינימום, התשמ\"ז-1987). There are no regional or occupational tiers in the national floor; the law fixes a monthly amount for monthly-paid employees, with derived hourly and daily equivalents, and it is uprated with effect from 1 April, signed off by the Minister of Labour, with the operative amounts published by the National Insurance Institute (המוסד לביטוח לאומי).","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-04-01","source":{"name":"National Insurance Institute of Israel — 'שכר מינימום – נתונים כלליים' / 'Minimum Wage – General Information': שכר חודשי 6,443.85 ש\"ח (החל ב-01.04.2026); שכר לשעה בהיקף 182 שעות 35.4 ש\"ח; בהיקף 186 שעות 34.64 ש\"ח; שכר יומי 297.4 ש\"ח (5 ימים) / 257.75 ש\"ח (6 ימים)","url":"https://www.btl.gov.il/Mediniyut/GeneralData/Pages/%D7%A9%D7%9B%D7%A8%20%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9D.aspx"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/il/minimum-wage"},{"id":"public-holidays","name":"Public holidays","description":"Israel's official days of rest for calendar year 2026. The nine statutory rest days are the Jewish festivals listed in section 18A of the Law and Administration Ordinance, 5708-1948 (two days of Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur, the first and eighth days of Sukkot, the first and seventh days of Passover, Shavuot) plus Independence Day under the Independence Day Law, 5709-1949. Every one of these is fixed by the HEBREW lunisolar calendar, so the Gregorian dates move by roughly two to three weeks from year to year and this list must be regenerated annually.","free":true,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Bank of Israel, Payment and Settlement Systems Department — 'מערכת זה\"ב (ZAHAV RTGS) – ימי פעילות לשנת 2026', the official Gregorian dating of each 2026 Israeli holiday and holiday eve for the national payment system; cross-checked against the Civil Service Commission circular 26/2025 'ימי מועד, ימי בחירה וימי עבודה מקוצרים לשנת 2026' (published 11.11.2025, updated 08.06.2026), which is the government's own statement of which 2026 dates are days off","url":"https://www.boi.org.il/media/snlbnev0/zahav-holidays-2026-heb.xlsx"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/il/public-holidays"},{"id":"cpi","name":"CPI inflation (year-on-year)","description":"Headline consumer price inflation, year-on-year percent, latest published month. Produced by the Central Bureau of Statistics (הלשכה המרכזית לסטטיסטיקה), which publishes the CPI on the 15th of each month at 18:30 for the preceding month. Index base 2024 = 100.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-21","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-07-01","source":{"name":"Bank of Israel Data Portal (SDMX), dataflow BOI.STATISTICS:PRI(1.0), series CP_PCHYTY 'מדד המחירים לצרכן – כללי, שינוי ב-12 החודשים האחרונים', observation 2026-07 = 1.5458937198 (series metadata DATA_SOURCE = CBS); CBS release 'Consumer Price Index for July 2026', published Friday 14 August 2026 — index 105.1 (base 2024=100), MoM +0.3% (CP_PCH 2026-07 = 0.2863), twelve-month change 1.5%: 'For the twelve months to the end of July, the rate of inflation was 1.5%' (Globes, 14 Aug 2026, reporting the CBS release)","url":"https://edge.boi.gov.il/FusionEdgeServer/sdmx/v2/data/dataflow/BOI.STATISTICS/PRI/1.0/CP_PCHYTY?startPeriod=2026-07&format=csv"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/il/cpi"},{"id":"corporate-tax","name":"Corporate income tax rate","description":"The standard rate of Israeli corporate income tax (מס חברות) on the taxable income of a body of persons, fixed in section 126(a) of the Income Tax Ordinance [New Version], 5721-1961. It is a flat, non-progressive rate with no small-company band.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2018-01-01","source":{"name":"Income Tax Ordinance [New Version], 5721-1961, section 126(a) — 'מס חברות ... 23%' — consolidated text published by the Israel Tax Authority on gov.il; the section carries Amendment No. 234 of 5776/2016 (the Economic Efficiency Law (Legislative Amendments for Achieving the Budget Targets for Budget Years 2017 and 2018)), which is the instrument that set the current rate","url":"https://www.gov.il/he/pages/law_pkudat_mas_hachnasa"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/il/corporate-tax"},{"id":"withholding-tax","name":"Withholding tax rates","description":"The withholding taxes Israel levies on payments to foreign residents - dividends, interest and royalties/other chargeable payments - each at its domestic statutory rate before any double-tax agreement relief. Levied under the Income Tax Ordinance (pkudat mas hachnasa): s. 125B (dividends), s. 125C (interest), s. 126 (corporate rate), and the withholding mechanics of ss. 164/170 with the Income Tax Regulations (Deduction from Interest, Dividend and Certain Profits) 5766-2005 and (Deduction from Payments to a Foreign Resident) 5753-1992. Administered by the Israel Tax Authority.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"secondary","effective_from":"2018-01-01","source":{"name":"Income Tax Ordinance [New Version], per-section: s. 125B dividends - '(1) דיבידנד בידי יחיד – 25%; ... (5) דיבידנד בידי חבר־בני־אדם שהוא תושב חוץ – 25%, ואולם אם היה ... בעל מניות מהותי ... – 30%' ('dividend in the hands of an individual - 25%; ... dividend in the hands of a foreign-resident body of persons - 25%, but if it was a substantial shareholder ... - 30%'); s. 125C interest - individual 25%, unlinked asset 15%; s. 126(a) corporate tax 23%; s. 170(a) withholding from payments to non-residents - 25% for an individual, corporate rate for a body of persons (full consolidated Hebrew text)","url":"https://he.wikisource.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%93%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%94"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/il/withholding-tax"},{"id":"statutory-interest","name":"Statutory interest (ריבית שקלית, Adjudication of Interest and Linkage Law)","description":"Israel's statutory interest on unlinked shekel money awards under the Adjudication of Interest and Linkage Law 5721-1961: a quarterly rate fixed by the Finance Minister and published by the Accountant General — 5.74% per annum for the quarter beginning 1 July 2026, with separate arrears fees of 4.87% on top.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-07-01","source":{"name":"Adjudication of Interest and Linkage Law 5721-1961, s. 5c (added by Amendment No. 9, 5784-2023): 'שר האוצר, בהתייעצות עם שר המשפטים ועם נגיד בנק ישראל ובאישור ועדת הכספים של הכנסת, יקבע בתקנות את השיעורים במונחים שנתיים, דרך חישובם ואופן פרסומם מדי רבעון של כל אלה: (1) ריבית שקלית; (2) ריבית צמודה; (3) דמי פיגורים' (the Finance Minister, in consultation with the Justice Minister and the Governor of the Bank of Israel and with the approval of the Knesset Finance Committee, shall fix by regulations the annualised rates, their method of calculation and their quarterly publication, of: shekel interest, linked interest, and arrears fees); Accountant General publication for the quarter from 1 July 2026: ריבית שקלית 5.74%, ריבית צמודה 4.14%, דמי פיגורים 4.87%","url":"https://ga.mof.gov.il/rate"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/il/statutory-interest"},{"id":"income-tax","name":"Personal income tax brackets","description":"Statutory marginal income tax rates for resident individuals on income from personal exertion (הכנסה מיגיעה אישית — employment, business and profession), under section 121 of the Income Tax Ordinance [New Version], 5721-1961. Amounts are annual New Israeli Shekels for tax year 2026; the Israel Tax Authority publishes the equivalent monthly and daily tables in its annual deductions booklet.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Israel Tax Authority, 'לוח עזר לחישוב מס הכנסה ממשכורת ושכר עבודה לחודש ינואר 2026 ואילך', reissued and updated April 2026, chapter ב 'שיעורי מס הכנסה' — the annual table 'לאחר חוק ריווח מדרגות מס הכנסה'. Legal basis: section 121 of the Income Tax Ordinance as amended on 31.3.2026 by the Economic Efficiency Law (Legislative Amendments for Achieving the Budget Targets for Budget Year 2026), 5786-2026, chapter ג (ריווח מדרגות מס הכנסה), applying retroactively from 1 January 2026","url":"https://www.gov.il/BlobFolder/generalpage/income-tax-monthly-deductions-booklet/he/generalInformation_income-tax-monthly-deductions-booklet_monthly-deductions-booklet-2026.pdf"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/il/income-tax"},{"id":"social-contributions","name":"Statutory social-insurance contributions","description":"Mandatory payroll contributions for an ordinary private-sector employee in Israel (IL): National Insurance (Bituach Leumi) and health-insurance contributions, which are BANDED — a reduced rate on the first slice of pay and a full rate above it up to a ceiling — plus the mandatory pension contribution imposed by extension order.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-11","confidence":"secondary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"המוסד לביטוח לאומי (National Insurance Institute of Israel), rate page « שיעורי וסכומי דמי ביטוח — לעובדים שכירים » — read in full, including the header « שיעורי דמי ביטוח לאומי ודמי ביטוח בריאות עבור עובדים שכירים מגיל 18 עד גיל הפרישה באחוזים מהשכר (החל ב- 01.02.2025) », the two band-column headings giving 7,703 ש\"ח and 51,910 ש\"ח both « החל ב- 01.01.2026 », the National Insurance and health rows with their individual effective dates, the totals row (4.51 / 4.27 / 8.78 reduced; 7.6 / 12.17 / 19.77 full), the statement « ההכנסה המרבית מתעדכנת לפי עליית שיעור המדד בינואר כל שנה », and the full Form 102 column table of rate variants by employee category. Statutory bases: National Insurance Law [Consolidated Version], 5755-1995 and National Health Insurance Law, 5754-1994. Mandatory pension: the general extension order for comprehensive pension insurance in the economy, as amended.","url":"https://www.btl.gov.il/Insurance/Rates/Pages/%d7%9c%d7%a2%d7%95%d7%91%d7%93%d7%99%d7%9d%20%d7%a9%d7%9b%d7%99%d7%a8%d7%99%d7%9d.aspx"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/il/social-contributions"}]},{"country":"IQ","name":"Iraq","currency":"IQD","series":[{"id":"policy-rate","name":"CBI Policy Rate (سعر السياسة النقدية)","description":"The Central Bank of Iraq's policy interest rate — the annual rate applied between the CBI and banks registered with it, and the anchor of the CBI's standing-facility corridor. Set by the CBI Board under the CBI Law No. 56 of 2004. Under the framework published on the CBI's monetary policy page, primary credit to banks is priced at the policy rate + 2%, secondary credit at policy rate + 3%, and the lender-of-last-resort facility at policy rate + 3.5%. The CBI does not hold a fixed, pre-announced meeting calendar and does not publish dated numbered rate decisions in the way Gulf central banks do; changes are announced by the Board when made.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-07","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2024-10-24","source":{"name":"Central Bank of Iraq — Monetary Policy page (السياسة النقدية): 'سعر الفائدة المحدد من قبل البنك المركزي العراقي الذي يبلغ حاليًا 5.5%' ('the interest rate set by the Central Bank of Iraq, currently 5.5%'); level established by the CBI Board decision of 24 October 2024 cutting the policy rate from 7.5% to 5.5%","url":"https://cbi.iq/page/26"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/iq/policy-rate"},{"id":"vat","name":"Value-added tax (VAT)","description":"Standard VAT rate. STRUCTURAL NULL — Iraq has NO value-added tax. It levies a narrow, itemised SALES TAX on selected services and goods instead, plus customs duties and excises. There is no broad-based consumption tax, no input-tax credit mechanism, no VAT registration threshold and no VAT law.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":null,"source":{"name":"Federal Budget Law No. (13) of 2023, Article 20(First) — the operative sales-tax provision, extending 'the sales tax provisions stipulated in the dissolved Revolutionary Command Council Resolution No. (36) of 1997' to restaurants and hotels up to second class in addition to excellent- and first-class establishments; published in al-Waqai al-Iraqiya (the Iraqi Gazette) No. 4726 of 26 June 2023. Iraq's statute book contains this itemised sales tax and no VAT law.","url":"https://moj.gov.iq/upload/pdf/4726_72.pdf"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/iq/vat"},{"id":"vat-registration-threshold","name":"VAT registration threshold","description":"The turnover at which VAT/GST registration becomes compulsory in Iraq, with the period the test runs over, the rule for non-established suppliers, and any separate treatment of imported digital services.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-12","confidence":"primary","effective_from":null,"source":{"name":"Federal Budget Law No. (13) of 2023, Article 20(First) — the operative consumption-tax provision, extending “the sales tax provisions stipulated in the dissolved Revolutionary Command Council Resolution No. (36) of 1997” to restaurants and hotels up to second class in addition to excellent- and first-class establishments; published in al-Waqai al-Iraqiya (the Iraqi Gazette) No. 4726 of 26 June 2023. The tax it extends is ITEMISED — liability attaches to what is sold and to the class of establishment selling it, never to turnover — and Iraq's statute book contains no VAT law. There is therefore no registration threshold to serve, which is why value is null","url":"https://moj.gov.iq/upload/pdf/4726_72.pdf"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/iq/vat-registration-threshold"},{"id":"minimum-wage","name":"National minimum wage (الحد الأدنى للأجور)","description":"Iraq's statutory minimum monthly wage for workers, fixed by the Council of Ministers on the recommendation of the tripartite committee formed in the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs, under Article 63(Second) of Labour Law No. 37 of 2015. It applies to workers covered by the Labour Law — i.e. the private sector and workers under contract — and is a floor, not a pay scale.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2018-01-01","source":{"name":"Council of Ministers decision of 18 December 2017, taken under Article 63(Second) of Labour Law No. 37 of 2015 — minimum worker's wage set at IQD 350,000 per month in place of IQD 250,000 (which had been fixed by Council of Ministers Resolution No. 178 of 2013), effective 1 January 2018 (Alsumaria TV, reporting the Council of Ministers communiqué); enabling statute: Labour Law No. 37 of 2015, ILO NATLEX record","url":"https://natlex.ilo.org/dyn/natlex2/r/natlex/fe/details?p3_isn=96652"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/iq/minimum-wage"},{"id":"public-holidays","name":"Public holidays","description":"Federal Iraq's official public holidays for calendar year 2026. The governing statute is the Official Holidays Law No. (12) of 2024, which repealed the Ba'ath-era Official Holidays Law No. 110 of 1972 together with RCC Resolutions 886 of 1979 and 210 of 1989, Governing Council Resolution No. 1 of 2003 and CPA Order No. 25 of 2005. Article 1(First) lists the general public holidays; Article 1(Second) provides that the first day of Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha is fixed by a statement issued jointly by the Shia and Sunni Waqf Diwans and sent to the Prime Minister's Office, and that where the two Diwans differ the holiday runs from the first day set by one to the last day set by the other. Article 3(First) lets the Council of Ministers declare temporary holidays of up to 7 days a year. The weekend is Friday and Saturday.","free":true,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Official Holidays Law No. (12) of 2024, Article 1, published in al-Waqai al-Iraqiya (the Iraqi Gazette) No. 4777 of 27 May 2024 (19 Dhu al-Qi'dah 1445), signed by President Abdul Latif Jamal Rashid — the statutory list; 2026 Gregorian dates cross-checked against the Central Bank of Iraq's published 'العطل الرسمية لعام 2026' calendar (https://cbi.iq/page/78) and against Council of Ministers holiday decisions reported by the Iraqi News Agency (INA)","url":"https://www.moj.gov.iq/upload/pdf/4777_453.pdf"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/iq/public-holidays"},{"id":"cpi","name":"Consumer Price Index (latest month)","description":"Official monthly Consumer Price Index for the whole of Iraq, base year 2022 = 100, compiled and published by the Central Statistical Organization (هيأة الإحصاء ونظم المعلومات الجغرافية) of the Ministry of Planning. Weights derive from the 2022 household expenditure structure, with expenditure weights modelled from the 2012 social and economic survey and the 2017/2018 SWIFT survey; from January 2024 the agency moved to a chained index with a moving base (the preceding month as base) under IMF/METAC technical supervision, with the chain linked back to 2022 weights. The basket covers 803 items in 486 varieties across the 12 COICOP divisions.","free":false,"stale":true,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-05-01","source":{"name":"Central Statistical Organization, Ministry of Planning — 'تقرير الارقام القياسية لأسعار المستهلك CPI لشهر أيار لسنة 2026' (Consumer Price Index report for May 2026): general index 111.2 against 112.5 in April 2026 (-1.2% m/m) and 108.0 in May 2025 (+3.0% y/y); core index 110.8 against 110.4 (+0.4% m/m, +2.5% y/y)","url":"https://cosit.gov.iq/documents/indices/CPI/CPI/2026/%D8%AA%D8%B6%D8%AE%D9%85%20%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%202026.pdf"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/iq/cpi"},{"id":"corporate-tax","name":"Corporate income tax rate","description":"Standard corporate income tax rate on the net taxable income of companies, administered by the General Commission of Taxes (الهيئة العامة للضرائب) under Income Tax Law No. 113 of 1982 as amended. A single flat rate applies to limited liability companies, private joint-stock companies, mixed joint-stock companies, and foreign companies registered in Iraq or otherwise having a permanent establishment there. Iraq taxes Iraq-source income.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2004-04-01","source":{"name":"CPA Order No. 49 (Tax Strategy of 2004), Section 3, amending Article 13(1) of Income Tax Law No. 113 of 1982 — '(C) Income of limited liability companies, at a fixed rate of 15%. (D) Income of private joint-stock companies, at a fixed rate of 15%. (E) Income of mixed joint-stock companies, at a fixed rate of 15%'; Section 3(3): 'Foreign companies that are registered in Iraq or otherwise have a permanent establishment in Iraq will be subject to tax at a fixed rate of 15% on their income in Iraq'","url":"https://govinfo.library.unt.edu/cpa-iraq/regulations/20040220_CPAORD_49_Tax_Strategy_of_2004_with_Annex_and_Ex_Note.pdf"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/iq/corporate-tax"},{"id":"withholding-tax","name":"Withholding tax rates","description":"Iraq's deductions at source on payments to non-residents under the Income Tax Law No. 113 of 1982 (as amended) and General Commission for Taxes instructions: no tax on dividends, 15% on interest, no dedicated royalty head, and on-account contract retentions of 3.3% (general) or 7% (oil and gas non-upstream) on gross payments to contractors. Domestic statutory rates before any double-tax agreement relief. Administered by the General Commission for Taxes (GCT).","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-26","confidence":"primary","effective_from":null,"source":{"name":"General Commission for Taxes (tax.mof.gov.iq), official text of Income Tax Law No. 113 of 1982 as amended, art. 19: a resident who owes amounts to a person outside Iraq must pay tax on interest on bonds, mortgages, loans, deposits and advances and other annual payments, 'وتكون نسبة الضريبة الواجبة التأدية عن مثل هذه المبالغ (15%) في المائة'.","url":"https://tax.mof.gov.iq/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%AE%D9%84-%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85-113-%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A9-1982-%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%87/"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/iq/withholding-tax"},{"id":"statutory-interest","name":"Legal delay interest (فوائد قانونية) — commercial matters","description":"Iraq's legal delay interest under Article 171 of the Civil Code No. 40 of 1951: a fixed 5% per annum in commercial matters and 4% in civil matters, payable as compensation for late payment of a money debt of known amount. The headline served is the commercial 5%.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-11","confidence":"secondary","effective_from":"1953-09-08","source":{"name":"Civil Code No. 40 of 1951 (القانون المدني العراقي رقم 40 لسنة 1951), Art. 171: 'إذا كان محل الالتزام مبلغاً من النقود وكان معلوم المقدار وقت نشوء الالتزام وتأخر المدين في الوفاء به كان ملزماً أن يدفع للدائن على سبيل التعويض عن التأخير فوائد قانونية قدرها أربعة في المائة في المسائل المدنية وخمسة في المائة في المسائل التجارية، وتسري هذه الفوائد من تاريخ المطالبة القضائية بها إن لم يحدد الاتفاق أو العرف التجاري تاريخاً آخر لسريانها وهذا كله ما لم ينص القانون على غيره' (where the object of the obligation is a sum of money known in amount when the obligation arose and the debtor delays payment, he must pay the creditor by way of compensation for the delay legal interest of four per cent in civil matters and five per cent in commercial matters, running from the date of judicial demand unless agreement or commercial custom fixes another date, all unless the law provides otherwise); Art. 172: 'يجوز للمتعاقدين ان يتفقا على سعر آخر للفوائد على الا يزيد هذا السعر على سبعة في المائة' (the parties may agree another rate of interest provided it does not exceed seven per cent). TEXT REPRODUCED ON A PERSONAL BLOG - the only reachable full text; see confidence_note.","url":"https://moshrig63.wordpress.com/2017/01/29/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A-%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85-40-%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A9-1951-%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%87/"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/iq/statutory-interest"},{"id":"income-tax","name":"Personal income tax (progressive bands)","description":"Progressive individual income tax under Article 13 of Income Tax Law No. 113 of 1982 as amended, administered by the General Commission of Taxes. Bands apply to a resident individual's annual income AFTER the personal allowances of Article 12. Employment income is collected by employer withholding (الاستقطاع المباشر) and remitted monthly. Non-resident individuals are taxed on the same scale on their Iraq-source income.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2004-04-01","source":{"name":"CPA Order No. 49 (Tax Strategy of 2004), Section 3, amending Article 13(1)(A) of Income Tax Law No. 113 of 1982 — '3% on amounts up to ID 250,000; 5% on amounts over ID 250,000 and up to ID 500,000; 10% on amounts over ID 500,000 and up to ID 1,000,000; 15% on amounts over ID 1,000,000'; and Section 2, amending Article 12(1) — allowances of ID 2,500,000 for the taxpayer, ID 2,000,000 for a non-earning wife, ID 200,000 per child, ID 3,200,000 for a widow or divorcee, and (Article 12(5)) ID 300,000 additional where the taxpayer is over 63","url":"https://govinfo.library.unt.edu/cpa-iraq/regulations/20040220_CPAORD_49_Tax_Strategy_of_2004_with_Annex_and_Ex_Note.pdf"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/iq/income-tax"},{"id":"social-contributions","name":"Statutory social-insurance contributions","description":"Mandatory payroll contributions for a private-sector employee in Iraq (IQ) under the Workers' Retirement and Social Security Law No. 18 of 2023: the general rate, the higher oil-and-gas rate, the State's own 8% share for Iraqi nationals, and the uplift the employer bears instead for non-Iraqi employees.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-11","confidence":"secondary","effective_from":"2023-08-28","source":{"name":"Workers' Retirement and Social Security Law No. (18) of 2023 (قانون التقاعد والضمان الاجتماعي للعمال رقم 18 لسنة 2023), Iraqi Official Gazette Al-Waqai Al-Iraqiya No. (4734), 28 August 2023, 109 articles — the consolidated PDF published by the Department of Retirement and Social Security for Workers (دائرة التقاعد والضمان الاجتماعي للعمال, rss.gov.iq) was retrieved but its Arabic text layer does not extract (see confidence note); rates as stated in the University of Kerbala Faculty of Law analysis of the Law, which quotes the operative Arabic wording of the contribution provisions, and corroborated by the published analyses of Al Tamimi & Company, Deloitte Middle East and WTW on the 2023 reform.","url":"https://rss.gov.iq/blog/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A-%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85-18-%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A9-2023"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/iq/social-contributions"}]},{"country":"JO","name":"Jordan","currency":"JOD","series":[{"id":"policy-rate","name":"CBJ Main Policy Rate (سعر الفائدة الرئيسي للبنك المركزي)","description":"The Main Policy Rate is the Central Bank of Jordan's own designated key rate — the rate it publishes at the head of its 'Interest Rates on Monetary Policy Instruments' table and the rate its press releases call the 'Key Interest Rate of the Central Bank'. It is set by the CBJ's Open Market Operations Committee, which meets roughly eight times a year and normally makes decisions effective the following Sunday. The main rate sits inside a corridor: the Overnight Deposit Window Rate is the floor, the Overnight Repurchase (Repo) Rate and the Rediscount (Discount) Rate sit above it. Because the Jordanian dinar is pegged to the US dollar, the CBJ tracks the US Federal Reserve rather than running an independent stance.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2025-12-14","source":{"name":"Central Bank of Jordan, Press Release of 11 December 2025 — the Open Market Operations Committee, at its eighth and final meeting of 2025, decided to reduce the 'Key Interest Rate' and the interest rate on all monetary policy instruments by 25 basis points as of Sunday, 14 December 2025; level of 5.75% carried on the CBJ 'Interest Rates' page (last updated 14/12/2025); level reaffirmed without change by the Open Market Operations Committee decision announced 21 June 2026 (\"The Open Market Operations Committee Decides to Maintain 'Key Interest Rate of the Central Bank'\"), with 5.75% carried on the CBJ home page Interest Rates block","url":"https://www.cbj.gov.jo/ebv4.0/root_storage/en/eb_list_page/press_release_11-12-2025.pdf"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/jo/policy-rate"},{"id":"vat","name":"General Sales Tax (GST) — standard rate","description":"Jordan does NOT levy a tax called VAT. Its VAT-equivalent is the General Sales Tax (الضريبة العامة على المبيعات), a credit-invoice consumption tax imposed by the General Sales Tax Law No. 6 of 1994 and its amendments and administered by the Income and Sales Tax Department (ISTD) of the Ministry of Finance. Article 6(a) charges the general tax at 16% on the supply or importation of goods and services by reference to the value of the supply or import; Article 6(b) separately charges a Special Tax (excise) at specific or ad valorem rates on the goods and services listed in Table (1). The 'vat' series id is used per the file spec — the correct instrument name is General Sales Tax.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2010-01-01","source":{"name":"Income and Sales Tax Department (ISTD), 'The General Sales Tax Law No. (6) of 1994 and its Amendments' (consolidated English text, 2023 edition), Article 6(a): 'A general tax shall be charged under this Law at the rate of 16 per cent on the supply or importation of goods or services, by reference to the value of the supply or import of these goods and services.'","url":"https://www.istd.gov.jo/ebv4.0/root_storage/en/eb_list_page/general_sales_tax_law_and_its_amendments_2023-1.pdf"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/jo/vat"},{"id":"vat-registration-threshold","name":"VAT registration threshold","description":"The turnover at which VAT/GST registration becomes compulsory in Jordan, with the period the test runs over, the rule for non-established suppliers, and any separate treatment of imported digital services.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"secondary","effective_from":null,"source":{"name":"General Sales Tax Law No. 6 of 1994 as amended (Income and Sales Tax Department, ISTD), Article 13, as set out in the Bloomberg Tax 'VAT Navigator — Jordan' (November 2024, published by BDO Jordan): 'The annual thresholds for GST registration are as follows: 10,000 dinars for manufacturers of goods subject to Special Sales Tax (SST)...; 75,000 dinars for suppliers of goods other than those subject to SST; and 30,000 dinars for persons supplying services. The registration threshold for a person engaged in multiple activities is the minimum threshold specified for any of its activities.' The value served here is the SERVICES threshold (JOD 30,000); goods outside SST carry JOD 75,000 and SST-goods manufacturers JOD 10,000.","url":"https://www.bdo.com.jo/getattachment/827089db-2161-4aec-a718-03e0ce5307bb/VAT_Jordan_2024_Final3.pdf?lang=en-GB"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/jo/vat-registration-threshold"},{"id":"minimum-wage","name":"National minimum wage (الحد الأدنى للأجور)","description":"Jordan's national monthly minimum wage, fixed by decision of the Tripartite Committee for Labour Affairs (اللجنة الثلاثية لشؤون العمل) chaired by the Minister of Labour and comprising the Government, the employers' side (Jordan Chamber of Industry, Jordan Chamber of Commerce, Jordanian Farmers Union) and the workers' side (General Federation of Jordanian Trade Unions), under the Labour Law No. 8 of 1996 and its amendments. The decision is published in the Official Gazette and enforced by both the Ministry of Labour and the Social Security Corporation, which treats it as the floor of the insurable wage.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2025-01-01","source":{"name":"Social Security Corporation (المؤسسة العامة للضمان الاجتماعي) press statement of 22 December 2024, 'الضمان: تطبيق قرار الحد الأدنى للأجور (290) ديناراً بداية العام المقبل 2025' — confirming the Tripartite Committee for Labour Affairs decision raising the minimum wage for the years 2025, 2026 and 2027 to JOD 290 from JOD 260, applying to all workers covered by Labour Law No. 8 of 1996 and its amendments with effect from 1/1/2025","url":"https://www.ssc.gov.jo/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%89-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1-290/"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/jo/minimum-wage"},{"id":"public-holidays","name":"Public holidays 2026","description":"Jordan's official public holidays for calendar year 2026. Jordan has no single annual holiday decree: the Prime Minister issues a separate official circular (بلاغ رسمي) ahead of each occasion suspending work in all ministries, official departments, public institutions and bodies, official universities, municipalities, joint services councils, the Greater Amman Municipality and wholly government-owned companies, with an exemption for entities whose nature of work requires them to keep operating. The Islamic holidays move with the Hijri calendar and depend on official moon sighting; the national and Christian holidays are fixed. The Jordanian weekend is Friday and Saturday.","free":true,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Prime Ministerial official circulars issued by Prime Minister Dr Jafar Hassan and carried by Petra, the Jordan News Agency (official state agency): Eid al-Fitr 20-23 Mar 2026 (circular of 11 Mar 2026); Labour Day observed Thu 30 Apr 2026 (Circular No. 6 of 15 Apr 2026); Independence Day 25 May and Eid al-Adha 26-30 May 2026 (circulars of 27 Apr 2026); Hijri New Year Tue 16 Jun 2026 (circular of 7 Jun 2026); Christmas and New Year circular of Dec 2025 suspending work on Thu 25 Dec 2025 and Thu 1 Jan 2026","url":"https://petra.gov.jo/en/news/official-holidays-announced-for-eid-al-adha-independence-day"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/jo/public-holidays"},{"id":"cpi","name":"Consumer Price Index (latest month)","description":"Official monthly Consumer Price Index for Jordan, base year 2018=100, compiled and published by the Department of Statistics (DoS, دائرة الإحصاءات العامة) from a basket of 850 items (325 food, 525 non-food) priced at 3,400 establishments across the Kingdom. The monthly press release is issued in the second half of the following month and reports the index level, the year-on-year rate for the month, and the cumulative (year-to-date) inflation rate.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-27","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-07-01","source":{"name":"Department of Statistics, monthly Consumer Price Index report for July 2026, 'Department of Statistics: Inflation Rate for the First Seven Months of 2026 Reached 2.13%', PRESS/July 2026 dated 20 August 2026 — Table 2 'Monthly CPIs for the Years 2024-2026 (2018=100)' gives July 2026 = 115.92","url":"https://dosweb.dos.gov.jo/DataBank/News/Inflation/2026/CPI_Aug_en.pdf"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/jo/cpi"},{"id":"corporate-tax","name":"Corporate income tax rate (legal persons) — general rate","description":"Jordan's corporate income tax is SECTOR-DIFFERENTIATED. Article 11(B) of the Income Tax Law No. 34 of 2014 as amended by Law No. 38 of 2018 sets three statutory rates for legal persons: 20% as the general rate, 24% for a listed group of regulated and extractive sectors, and 35% for banks. A separate National Contribution (the 'National Solidarity Account' levy) under Article 11(F) is charged on top at 1% to 7% depending on sector. Administered by the Income and Sales Tax Department (ISTD) of the Ministry of Finance.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2019-01-01","source":{"name":"Income and Sales Tax Department, official English text of 'Law No. (34) of 2014 Amended by Law No. (38) of 2018 — Income Tax Law', Article 11(B)(1): '(20%) Twenty percent for all legal persons except those provided for under items (2) and (3) of this Paragraph'; Article 1 commences the amendments as of 1 January 2019","url":"https://www.istd.gov.jo/ebv4.0/root_storage/en/eb_list_page/income_tax_law_no_34_of_2014_amended_by_law_no_38_of_2018.pdf"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/jo/corporate-tax"},{"id":"withholding-tax","name":"Withholding tax rates","description":"The withholding taxes Jordan levies on payments to non-residents under Income Tax Law No. 34 of 2014 as amended by Law No. 38 of 2018 - a 10% final withholding on Jordanian-source income of non-residents (services, royalties and interest generally), 7%/5% final withholding on interest and deposit profits paid by banks, and NO withholding on dividends, which are exempt. Domestic statutory rates before any double-tax agreement relief. Administered by the Income and Sales Tax Department (ISTD).","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-26","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2019-01-01","source":{"name":"Income and Sales Tax Department (ISTD) official commentary on Income Tax Law No. 34 of 2014, article 12 withholding at source: '10% من الدخل غير المعفي من الضريبة الذي استحق أو دفع لشخص غير مقيم مباشرة أو بالواسطة' (10% on non-exempt income due or paid to a non-resident, directly or indirectly; previously 7% under the temporary law).","url":"https://istd.gov.jo/AR/Pages/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/jo/withholding-tax"},{"id":"statutory-interest","name":"Legal interest (الفائدة القانونية)","description":"Jordan's legal interest: a fixed 9% per annum under Article 167(4) of the Civil Procedure Law No. 24 of 1988 — both the default rate a court awards on an unpaid money debt and a ceiling the parties may not contract above, save where a special law allows.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-11","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"1988-01-01","source":{"name":"قانون أصول المحاكمات المدنية رقم (24) لسنة 1988، المادة 167/4 — Civil Procedure Law No. 24 of 1988 (Jordan), art. 167(4): \"مع مراعاة ما ورد في أي قانون خاص، تحسب الفائدة القانونية بنسبة (9%) سنوياً، ولا يجوز الاتفاق على تجاوز هذه النسبة\" (\"Subject to what is provided in any special law, legal interest shall be calculated at the rate of 9% per annum, and it is not permissible to agree to exceed this rate\"). Consolidated text as in force (\"ساري\"), published by ديوان التشريع والرأي / Bureau of Legislation and Opinion, Prime Ministry of Jordan; principal law published at page 735 of Official Gazette (الجريدة الرسمية) No. 3545 of 04/02/1988.","url":"https://lob.gov.jo/?v=3&lang=ar#!/LegislationDetails?LegislationID=3420&LegislationType=2&isMod=false"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/jo/statutory-interest"},{"id":"income-tax","name":"Personal income tax brackets (natural persons)","description":"Progressive personal income tax on the taxable income of a natural person under Article 11(A) of the Income Tax Law No. 34 of 2014 as amended by Law No. 38 of 2018, administered by the Income and Sales Tax Department. Six marginal bands run from 5% to 30%. The bands bite on TAXABLE income — gross income less allowable expenses, carried-forward losses, personal exemptions and donations — not on gross salary. An additional National Contribution Tax of 1% applies to a natural person's taxable income above JOD 200,000.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2019-01-01","source":{"name":"Income and Sales Tax Department, official English text of 'Law No. (34) of 2014 Amended by Law No. (38) of 2018 — Income Tax Law', Article 11(A): 5% on each dinar of the first five thousand dinars; 10% on the second five thousand; 15% on the third five thousand; 20% on the fourth five thousand; 25% on each dinar that follows up to one million dinars; 30% on each dinar of taxable income exceeding one million dinars. Article 1 commences the amendments as of 1 January 2019","url":"https://www.istd.gov.jo/ebv4.0/root_storage/en/eb_list_page/income_tax_law_no_34_of_2014_amended_by_law_no_38_of_2018.pdf"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/jo/income-tax"},{"id":"social-contributions","name":"Statutory social-insurance contributions","description":"Mandatory payroll contributions for an ordinary private-sector employee in Jordan (JO) under the Social Security Corporation: employee and employer shares of each insurance branch, the indexed maximum insurable wage, and the additional charge for hazardous occupations.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-11","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Social Security Corporation (المؤسسة العامة للضمان الاجتماعي), Jordan — Social Security Law No. (1) for the year 2014 and its amendments, English text published by the Corporation (according to the latest amendments to 16 April 2023): articles 2 (definitions of Wage and Hazardous Occupations), 24(a) (work injury 2%), 42(a)-(b) (maternity 0.75%), 48(a)-(b) (unemployment 0.5% firm / 1% deducted), 59(a) (old-age, disability and death 11% firm / 6.5% deducted / 17.5% voluntary), 62 (old-age pension conditions), and 72 (public-sector and military rates) all read verbatim; read with the Corporation's Insurance Coverage Bylaw, articles 11 (wage exclusions), 12 (contribution rates and the 2014-2017 phase-in, and the 1% hazardous-occupations supplement from 1/3/2015), 13 (suspension of the 1% work-injury reduction from 1/1/2020), 14 (minimum-wage floor and the JOD 3,000 maximum deductible wage indexed to inflation each January), 15 and 16 (payment within the first fifteen days of the following month, 1% default interest). Current indexed ceiling of JOD 3,733 for 2026 as announced by the Corporation and reported by Petra, the Jordan News Agency.","url":"https://www.ssc.gov.jo/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/law-26.1.2025-compressed.pdf"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/jo/social-contributions"}]},{"country":"KW","name":"Kuwait","currency":"KWD","series":[{"id":"policy-rate","name":"CBK Discount Rate","description":"The Discount Rate is the Central Bank of Kuwait's headline policy rate — the ceiling rate at which CBK lends to local banks — set by the CBK Board of Directors under Law No. 32 of 1968 concerning Currency, the Central Bank of Kuwait and the Organisation of Banking Business. CBK announces changes by press release and publishes the standing level on its Main Indicators page alongside its intervention rates (overnight, 1-week and 1-month repo). Unlike the rest of the GCC, Kuwait does NOT run a US-dollar peg: the Kuwaiti dinar is pegged to an undisclosed weighted basket of currencies, so CBK sets the Discount Rate with some latitude and does not automatically mirror the Federal Reserve.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-13","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2025-12-11","source":{"name":"Central Bank of Kuwait press release, 10 Dec 2025 — 'CBK Cuts the discount rate by 25 basis points to 3.50%', effective Thursday 11 December 2025; level re-confirmed on CBK's Main Indicators page ('Last change on rates as of: 11/12/2025')","url":"https://www.cbk.gov.kw/en/cbk-news/announcements-and-press-releases/press-releases/2025/12/202512101500-cbk-cuts-the-discount-rate-by-25-basis-points-to-350"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/kw/policy-rate"},{"id":"vat","name":"Value-added tax (VAT)","description":"Standard VAT rate. STRUCTURAL NULL — Kuwait has NOT enacted or implemented VAT as of the confirmation date, and has no general consumption tax of any kind.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-26","confidence":"primary","effective_from":null,"source":{"name":"Kuwait Direct Investment Promotion Authority (KDIPA), official Invest in Kuwait appendices (kdipa.gov.kw): 'Sale Tax/Value Added Tax and Stamp Duty is not levied in the country.'","url":"https://kdipa.gov.kw/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Appendices.pdf"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/kw/vat"},{"id":"vat-registration-threshold","name":"VAT registration threshold","description":"The turnover at which VAT/GST registration becomes compulsory in Kuwait, with the period the test runs over, the rule for non-established suppliers, and any separate treatment of imported digital services.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-26","confidence":"primary","effective_from":null,"source":{"name":"Kuwait Direct Investment Promotion Authority (KDIPA), official Invest in Kuwait appendices (kdipa.gov.kw): 'Sale Tax/Value Added Tax and Stamp Duty is not levied in the country.' No VAT registration threshold exists because no VAT is levied.","url":"https://kdipa.gov.kw/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Appendices.pdf"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/kw/vat-registration-threshold"},{"id":"minimum-wage","name":"National minimum wage (private and oil sector)","description":"Kuwait's statutory monthly minimum wage for workers in the private and oil sectors, set by ministerial order under Article 63 of the Private Sector Labour Law No. 6 of 2010, which empowers the competent minister to fix a minimum wage by sector and occupation on the recommendation of the advisory committee and to review it at least every five years. Administration of private-sector labour now sits with the Public Authority for Manpower (PAM). Domestic workers fall OUTSIDE this instrument and have their own, lower floor under the domestic-labour law.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2017-06-11","source":{"name":"Ministerial Order No. 14 of 2017 setting the monthly minimum wage for workers in the private and oil sectors at KD 75 — ILO NATLEX official record KWT-2017-R-107351, adopted and entered into force 11 June 2017, made under Article 63 of Private Sector Labour Law No. 6 of 2010","url":"https://webapps.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.detail?p_lang=en&p_isn=107351"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/kw/minimum-wage"},{"id":"public-holidays","name":"Public holidays","description":"Kuwait's official public holidays for calendar year 2026. The statutory list for private-sector workers is fixed by Article 68 of Private Sector Labour Law No. 6 of 2010 — Gregorian New Year, Hijri New Year, Isra and Miraj, Eid al-Fitr (3 days), Waqfat Arafat plus Eid al-Adha (4 days), the Prophet's Birthday, National Day and Liberation Day. The Hijri-dated holidays are movable and depend on official moon sighting; the exact public-sector dates and any bridging days are declared each year by the Civil Service Commission (CSC) following a Cabinet decision.","free":true,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Article 68, Private Sector Labour Law No. 6 of 2010 (statutory holiday list, published by the Public Authority for Manpower) read with the 2026 declarations of Kuwait's Civil Service Commission and Council of Ministers for each movable Hijri holiday (Isra and Miraj 18 Jan; Eid al-Fitr 19-23 Mar; Eid al-Adha and Arafat 26-31 May; Hijri New Year 16 Jun, per Cabinet decision of 10 Jun 2026)","url":"https://www.manpower.gov.kw/docs/LaborLaw/Labor_Law_Eng.pdf"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/kw/public-holidays"},{"id":"cpi","name":"Consumer Price Index (latest month)","description":"Official monthly Consumer Price Index for Kuwait, base year 2013 = 100, compiled and published by the Central Statistical Bureau (CSB), Kuwait's national statistical authority. The monthly bulletin reports the general index level, the month-on-month change and the year-on-year inflation rate, with a twelve-group COICOP breakdown.","free":false,"stale":true,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-06-01","source":{"name":"Central Statistical Bureau (CSB) — Consumer Price Index bulletin for June 2026, released 20 Jul 2026: general index 139.9 points (base 2013=100), unchanged month-on-month, +2.19% year-on-year; the June 2026 release is the newest item on the CSB Consumer Price Indices publication list","url":"https://www.csb.gov.kw/Pages/Statistics_en?ID=34&ParentCatID=3"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/kw/cpi"},{"id":"corporate-tax","name":"Corporate income tax rate (foreign-owned share)","description":"Kuwait's flat corporate income tax under Income Tax Decree No. 3 of 1955 as amended by Law No. 2 of 2008, administered by the Ministry of Finance's Department of Income Taxes. The rate is 15% of net taxable profit, but the CHARGE IS OWNERSHIP-SCOPED: it falls only on foreign (non-GCC) corporate bodies carrying on trade or business in Kuwait, directly or through an agent, and on the foreign-owned share of a mixed-ownership Kuwaiti or GCC company. Wholly Kuwaiti- and GCC-owned entities pay no corporate income tax and instead face separate domestic levies (Zakat, NLST, KFAS).","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-26","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2008-02-03","source":{"name":"Kuwait Direct Investment Promotion Authority (KDIPA), official Invest in Kuwait brochure (November 2025): '15% Corporate Income Tax (on share of profit of foreign companies)'; '15% flat rate on the net taxable income for fiscal periods commencing after 3 February 2008.'","url":"https://kdipa.gov.kw/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Invest-in-Kuwait-Brochure-November-2025-1.pdf"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/kw/corporate-tax"},{"id":"withholding-tax","name":"Withholding tax rates","description":"Kuwait's treatment of payments to non-residents: Kuwaiti tax law imposes NO withholding tax on dividends, interest or royalties. What exists instead is a 5% contract RETENTION under the Executive Bylaws of Law No. 2 of 2008 - money held back from payments to any incorporated body until it produces a tax clearance certificate from the Ministry of Finance. That is a compliance security mechanism, not a final tax, and this record describes it as such.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-26","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2008-02-03","source":{"name":"Kuwait Direct Investment Promotion Authority (KDIPA), official Invest in Kuwait appendices (kdipa.gov.kw): 'There is no withholding tax in Kuwait, however, compliance with the Law is enforced by the Ministry of Finance through Ministerial Order No. 44 of 1985.' Foreign companies 'are liable to pay income tax at a flat rate of 15%.'","url":"https://kdipa.gov.kw/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Appendices.pdf"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/kw/withholding-tax"},{"id":"statutory-interest","name":"Legal interest on commercial debts (الفائدة القانونية)","description":"Kuwait's legal interest: a fixed 7% per annum under Article 110 of the Commercial Code (Decree-Law 68/1980), payable as compensation for delay on a commercial money debt of known amount, and the default rate under Article 102 where a commercial loan fixes none.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"1981-02-25","source":{"name":"Commercial Code (Decree-Law No. 68 of 1980) Art. 110: 'اذا كان محل الالتزام التجاري مبلغا من النقود وكان معلوم المقدار وقت نشوء الالتزام وتأخر المدين في الوفاء به، كان ملزما ان يدفع للدائن على سبيل التعويض عن التأخير فوائد قانونية قدرها سبعة في المائة' (where the object of a commercial obligation is a sum of money known in amount when the obligation arose and the debtor delays payment, he is bound to pay the creditor, by way of compensation for the delay, legal interest of seven per cent); Art. 102(1): if no rate is fixed in the contract 'كانت الفائدة المستحقة هى الفائدة القانونية 7%-' (the interest due is the legal interest, 7%)","url":"https://lawyeralhajri.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85-68-%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A9-1980%D9%85-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9.pdf"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/kw/statutory-interest"},{"id":"income-tax","name":"Personal income tax","description":"Personal income tax on individuals. STRUCTURAL NULL — Kuwait imposes NO personal income tax on any individual, national or expatriate, on employment income or otherwise.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-26","confidence":"primary","effective_from":null,"source":{"name":"Kuwait Direct Investment Promotion Authority (KDIPA), official Invest in Kuwait brochure (November 2025): 'Kuwait has one of the World's most attractive tax regime with no personal income tax'; KUWAIT TAX SCHEME lists '0% Personal Income Tax'.","url":"https://kdipa.gov.kw/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/Invest-in-Kuwait-Brochure-November-2025-1.pdf"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/kw/income-tax"},{"id":"social-contributions","name":"Statutory social-insurance contributions","description":"Mandatory payroll contributions for a private-sector employee in Kuwait (KW): the PIFSS social-insurance contribution, which applies to Kuwaiti and GCC nationals ONLY, and the end-of-service indemnity that stands in its place for the expatriate majority of the workforce.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-11","confidence":"secondary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Public Institution for Social Security (PIFSS), Kuwait — Social Security Law No. 61 of 1976 and its supplementary-insurance and amending legislation, under which the contribution is computed on the salary in basic insurance together with the salary in supplementary insurance to a maximum of KWD 2,750 per month; Law No. (101) of 2013 concerning Unemployment Insurance (0.5% employee, 0.5% employer, 0.5% public Treasury; benefit 60% of pensionable salary to a maximum of KWD 1,500 for six months), as reported in Al Tamimi & Company's analysis of that Law and recorded in ILO NATLEX; Private Sector Labour Law No. (6) of 2010 for end-of-service indemnity. Current employee 10.5% and employer 11.5% figures as published in 2026 payroll-compliance and tax summaries.","url":"https://www.pifss.gov.kw/"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/kw/social-contributions"}]},{"country":"OM","name":"Oman","currency":"OMR","series":[{"id":"policy-rate","name":"CBO Repo Rate (interest rate on repurchase operations with the Central Bank of Oman)","description":"The Repo Rate is the interest rate at which the Central Bank of Oman (CBO) injects rial liquidity into licensed banks through repurchase operations against eligible collateral. It is CBO's principal policy/liquidity-injection rate and the rate CBO quotes in every weekly Treasury-bill announcement. Because the Rial Omani is pegged to the US dollar, CBO does not run an independent stance: it moves the Repo Rate in step with the US Federal Reserve. CBO also operates a Treasury Bills Discounting Facility at a higher rate (4.75% at confirmation), which is a standing facility, not the policy rate.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2025-12-11","source":{"name":"Central Bank of Oman — weekly Government Treasury Bills tender announcement, 20 July 2026: \"the interest rate on the Repo operations with CBO is 4.25% while the discount rate on the Treasury Bills Discounting Facility with CBO is 4.75%\"","url":"https://cbo.gov.om/news/764"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/om/policy-rate"},{"id":"vat","name":"Value Added Tax (VAT) — standard rate","description":"Oman's standard rate of value added tax, levied under the VAT Law promulgated by Royal Decree No. 121/2020 and administered by the Oman Tax Authority (OTA). Oman was the fourth GCC state to implement VAT under the GCC Unified VAT Agreement. The rate is a single standard rate with a defined list of zero-rated and exempt supplies.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-05","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2021-04-16","source":{"name":"Oman Tax Authority — VAT FAQs: \"The standard rate of tax will be 5% on most goods and services, with a few exceptions\"; VAT Law issued by Royal Decree 121/2020 (OTA VAT Law & Regulations index)","url":"https://tms.taxoman.gov.om/portal/vat-faqs"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/om/vat"},{"id":"vat-registration-threshold","name":"VAT registration threshold","description":"The turnover at which VAT/GST registration becomes compulsory in Oman, with the period the test runs over, the rule for non-established suppliers, and any separate treatment of imported digital services.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2021-04-16","source":{"name":"Tax Authority Chairman's Decision Determining the Mandatory and Voluntary Registration Thresholds (issued under the VAT Law, Royal Decree No. 121/2020; OTA English translation), Article One: 'The Mandatory Registration Threshold in accordance with the provisions of Article (55) of the aforementioned Value Added Tax Law shall be (38,500) thirty-eight thousand and five hundred Omani Rials'; Article Two: voluntary threshold '(19,250) nineteen thousand two hundred and fifty Omani Rials' (Art. 61). VAT Law Art. 55: registration where 'the total value of supplies achieved at the end of any month in addition to the eleven months immediately preceding it, exceeds the Mandatory Registration Threshold', or the expected value over the month plus the eleven following it. Art. 57: 'Every person who has no Place of Residence in the Sultanate, shall register with the Authority, and that is from the date on which he is obliged to pay the Tax.' The Arabic Official Gazette text prevails over the translation.","url":"https://tms.taxoman.gov.om/portal/documents/20126/1414820/Determining+the+Mandatory+and+Voluntary+Registration+Thresholds.pdf/4c5d8dcb-5b81-34ae-a1d2-e3c6d8431988"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/om/vat-registration-threshold"},{"id":"minimum-wage","name":"Minimum wage for Omani nationals in the private sector","description":"Oman's statutory wage floor is NOT a universal minimum wage. It is a nationality-scoped floor that applies only to OMANI NATIONALS employed in the private sector, fixed by Ministerial Decision No. 222 of 2013 (Ministry of Manpower, now Ministry of Labour) at OMR 325 per month made up of an OMR 225 basic wage plus OMR 100 in allowances. Expatriate/migrant private-sector workers are NOT covered by any statutory minimum wage in Oman. Under the Labour Law promulgated by Royal Decree No. 53/2023, Article 88, the minimum wage is set by decision of the Minister of Labour after consultation with the Committee for Joint Dialogue between Production Parties and approval by the Council of Ministers.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2013-07-01","source":{"name":"Ministerial Order (Decision) No. 222 of 2013 fixing the Minimum Wage for Omani Workers in the Private Sector — ILO NATLEX national legislation record; enabling provision now Article 88 of the Labour Law promulgated by Royal Decree No. 53/2023","url":"https://natlex.ilo.org/dyn/natlex2/r/natlex/fe/details?p3_isn=95440"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/om/minimum-wage"},{"id":"public-holidays","name":"Official public holidays","description":"Oman's official public holidays for calendar year 2026, applying to units of the State's administrative apparatus, other public legal persons and private-sector establishments. The catalogue of holidays is fixed by Royal Decree No. 88/2022 (as amended by Royal Decree No. 15/2025); the Gregorian dates for each year are announced by the Ministry of Labour under a Council of Ministers policy, adopted for 2026, of publishing the calendar in advance — except the two Eids, whose dates follow the declarations of the Main Committee for Determining the Beginning of Hijri Months (moon sighting).","free":true,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Ministry of Labour / Council of Ministers — advance announcement of Oman's 2026 public holidays, 28 December 2025 (Accession Day 15 Jan, Isra' wal Mi'raj 18 Jan, Hijri New Year 18 Jun, Prophet's Birthday 27 Aug, National Day 25-26 Nov); Eid dates announced separately by the Ministry of Labour on the declaration of the Main Committee for Determining the Beginning of Hijri Months. Catalogue of holidays fixed by Royal Decree No. 88/2022 as amended by Royal Decree No. 15/2025","url":"https://www.omanobserver.om/article/1181777/oman/labour/except-for-eids-oman-announces-public-holidays-for-2026"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/om/public-holidays"},{"id":"cpi","name":"Consumer Price Index — annual inflation rate (latest month)","description":"Oman's official Consumer Price Index, compiled and published monthly by the National Centre for Statistics and Information (NCSI), the national statistical authority, on a 2018 = 100 base. NCSI's headline monthly release is the year-on-year change in the general CPI for the Sultanate, with breakdowns by COICOP division and by governorate.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-11","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-08-01","source":{"name":"NCSI Consumer Price Inflation Report August 2026 (portal dated 09/10/2026; PDF stamped إصدار: سبتمبر 2026). Arabic page-1 headline % 3.4 vs same month prior year. English page: Sultanate of Oman 3.4%. Base year 2018. June report was 2.8%.","url":"https://api.ncsi.gov.om/uploads/pdfs/consumer_price_inflation_reportr___august_2026_1789031625.pdf"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/om/cpi"},{"id":"corporate-tax","name":"Corporate income tax — standard rate","description":"Oman's standard rate of income tax on the taxable income of Omani establishments, companies and permanent establishments, set by Article 52 of the Income Tax Law promulgated by Royal Decree No. 28/2009 (as amended, principally by Royal Decree No. 9/2017 and Royal Decree No. 118/2020) and administered by the Oman Tax Authority. Unlike Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait and the UAE's pre-2023 position, Oman's corporate income tax is a GENERAL tax of broad application: it is not scoped to foreign ownership and it is not confined to oil and gas or banking. It applies to Omani-owned and foreign-owned entities alike, with no tax-free threshold.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2017-01-01","source":{"name":"Income Tax Law promulgated by Royal Decree No. 28/2009 (as amended), Article 52 — tax is calculated at 15% of the taxable income of any Omani establishment, company or permanent establishment for any tax year; official English text published by the Oman Tax Authority","url":"https://tms.taxoman.gov.om/portal/documents/20126/1455220/income+tax+law+english.pdf"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/om/corporate-tax"},{"id":"withholding-tax","name":"Withholding tax rates","description":"The withholding tax Oman levies on payments to foreign persons without an Omani permanent establishment under Article 52 of the Income Tax Law (Royal Decree 28/2009, as amended by Royal Decree 9/2017) - 10% on royalties, management fees, R&D consideration, computer software and service fees - with the dividend and interest heads suspended (permanently, per the January 2023 Royal Directive). Domestic statutory rates before any double-tax agreement relief. Administered by the Oman Tax Authority.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-14","confidence":"secondary","effective_from":"2023-01-11","source":{"name":"Oman Tax Authority, Tax Portal, \"Withholding Tax\": tax is imposed on income generated in Oman by a foreign person without a permanent establishment there, on seven heads — royalties; consideration for carrying on researches and development; consideration for the use or right to use of computer software; fees for management; dividends; interests; performance of services — and \"Any taxpayer or any government body who pays or credits to the account any amounts of the aforementioned types of income shall deduct the tax at the rate of 10% of the total amount paid or credited to the account\". The statutory head is Article 52 of the Income Tax Law promulgated by Royal Decree 28/2009, as amended by Royal Decree 9/2017, published by the Tax Authority itself at https://tms.taxoman.gov.om/portal/documents/20126/1455217/Income+Tax+Law+(English+Version).pdf. NOTE: the Tax Authority's page states the statutory position. Dividends and interest are served at 0 because they are separately SUSPENDED by the Royal Directive of 11 January 2023, which that page does not reflect; see the per-head sources.","url":"https://tms.taxoman.gov.om/portal/withholding-tax"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/om/withholding-tax"},{"id":"statutory-interest","name":"Legal return on commercial loans and debts (العائد على قرض أو دين تجاري)","description":"Oman's legal interest on commercial loans and debts: 6% per annum, re-fixed every year by ministerial decision under Article 80 of the Commercial Law — currently Ministerial Decision 409/2025, effective for one year from its publication on 5 October 2025.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2025-10-05","source":{"name":"Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Investment Promotion, Ministerial Decision No. 409/2025 determining the return for obtaining a commercial loan or debt, Art. 1: 'يحدد العائد مقابل الحصول على قرض أو دين تجاري بنسبة (٦٪) ستة بالمائة، ما لم يتفق على أقل من ذلك' (the return for obtaining a commercial loan or debt is fixed at six per cent, unless a lower rate is agreed); Art. 3: 'ينشر هذا القرار في الجريدة الرسمية، ويعمل به لمدة عام من تاريخ نشره' (published in the Official Gazette and effective for one year from its publication) — Official Gazette issue 1616, 5 October 2025; made under Commercial Law (Royal Decree 55/1990) Art. 80: interest is set 'within the limits specified by the Ministry of Commerce & Industry in agreement with the Oman Chamber of Commerce & Industry every year'","url":"https://qanoon.om/p/2025/mociip20250409/"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/om/statutory-interest"},{"id":"income-tax","name":"Personal income tax","description":"Personal income tax on the income of individuals. NO PERSONAL INCOME TAX IS IN FORCE IN OMAN as of the confirmation date — individuals pay no tax on salaries, wages or other personal income. A Personal Income Tax Law HAS however been enacted (Royal Decree No. 56/2025), the first in the GCC, but it does not commence until 1 January 2028.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":null,"source":{"name":"Oman Tax Authority — 'Issuance of Personal Income Tax (PIT) Law': the Personal Income Tax Law issued by Royal Decree No. 56/2025 imposes 5% on taxable income of a natural person whose total income exceeds OMR 42,000 annually, and \"the law will enter into force at the beginning of 2028\"","url":"https://tms.taxoman.gov.om/portal/w/issuance-of-personal-income-tax-pit-law"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/om/income-tax"},{"id":"social-contributions","name":"Statutory social-insurance contributions","description":"Mandatory payroll contributions for a private-sector employee in Oman (OM) under the Social Protection Law promulgated by Royal Decree 52/2023 and administered by the Social Protection Fund: the branches that apply to Omani nationals, the branches that already reach non-Omanis, and the end-of-service position pending the 2027 savings scheme.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-11","confidence":"secondary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Social Protection Law promulgated by Royal Decree 52/2023 (Sultanate of Oman), read with the System of the Social Protection Fund promulgated by Royal Decree 50/2023 and with Royal Decree 60/2025 amending the commencement timetable for the occupational-injury branch in respect of non-Omani workers and for the sick-and-other-leave branch; Labour Law promulgated by Royal Decree 53/2023 for end-of-service gratuity. Branch rates and the OMR 180-3,000 contribution wage range as published in 2026 Oman payroll-compliance schedules; the 2027 replacement of expatriate end-of-service gratuity by a 9%-of-basic-wage employer contribution to a Social Protection Fund savings account as reported in Omani press and international benefits alerts.","url":"https://decree.om/2023/rd20230052/"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/om/social-contributions"}]},{"country":"QA","name":"Qatar","currency":"QAR","series":[{"id":"policy-rate","name":"QCB Deposit Rate (QCBDR)","description":"The QCB Deposit Rate is Qatar Central Bank's official overnight rate at which banks place funds with the QCB, and QCB's stated primary operating target (it manages the average overnight interbank rate, AOIR, toward the QCBDR). QCB also sets a Lending Rate (QCBLR, the overnight borrowing rate) and a Repo Rate (QCBRR, collateralised, between the two). Because the Qatari riyal is pegged to the US dollar at USD 1 = QAR 3.64, QCB moves in step with the US Federal Reserve.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-06","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2025-12-10","source":{"name":"Qatar Central Bank monetary policy decision, 10 Dec 2025 — QCB cuts by 25bps: QCB Deposit Rate (QCBDR) to 3.85%, Lending Rate (QCBLR) to 4.35%, Repo Rate (QCBRR) to 4.10% (Qatar News Agency, official state agency)","url":"https://qna.org.qa/en/News-Area/News/2025-12/10/qatar-central-bank-cuts-key-interest-rates-by-25-basis-points"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/qa/policy-rate"},{"id":"vat","name":"Value-added tax (VAT)","description":"Standard VAT rate. STRUCTURAL NULL — Qatar has NOT enacted VAT as of the confirmation date.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":null,"source":{"name":"Qatar General Tax Authority (GTA) — taxes overview: Qatar levies corporate income tax and excise tax; no value-added tax is in force","url":"https://gta.gov.qa/en/taxes-info"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/qa/vat"},{"id":"vat-registration-threshold","name":"VAT registration threshold","description":"The turnover at which VAT/GST registration becomes compulsory in Qatar, with the period the test runs over, the rule for non-established suppliers, and any separate treatment of imported digital services.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-12","confidence":"primary","effective_from":null,"source":{"name":"General Tax Authority of Qatar, “Taxes in Qatar” — the authority's own enumeration of the taxes it administers: Global Minimum Tax, Income Tax, Capital Gains Tax, Withholding Tax and Excise Tax. Value Added Tax is not among them; the phrase “Value Added Tax” does not occur on the page and “VAT” does not occur as a word. Qatar therefore operates no VAT and no VAT registration threshold exists, which is why value is null","url":"https://www.gta.gov.qa/en/taxes-info"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/qa/vat-registration-threshold"},{"id":"minimum-wage","name":"National non-discriminatory minimum wage","description":"Qatar's statutory national minimum wage under Law No. 17 of 2020, effective 20 March 2021 — the first non-discriminatory minimum wage in the Gulf, covering ALL private-sector workers including migrant and domestic workers, regardless of nationality or sector. Comprises a basic monthly wage plus food and housing allowances payable where the employer does not provide those in kind.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2021-03-20","source":{"name":"Law No. (17) of 2020 Determining the National Minimum Wage for Workers and Domestic Workers — ILO NATLEX official record; implementation announced by the Ministry of Administrative Development, Labour and Social Affairs (ADLSA), effective 20 March 2021","url":"https://natlex.ilo.org/dyn/natlex2/natlex2/redirect/fromOld?p_lang=en&p_isn=110485&p_count=3&p_classification=12"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/qa/minimum-wage"},{"id":"public-holidays","name":"Public holidays","description":"Qatar's official public holidays for calendar year 2026. Qatar's statutory public holidays are few: National Sports Day (second Tuesday of February), Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha (Hijri/movable, moon-sighting dependent), and National Day (18 December). Dates for the movable Eid holidays are set annually by the Amiri Diwan; National Sports Day and National Day are fixed by law.","free":true,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Amiri Diwan of the State of Qatar — official holiday declarations for 2026 (Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha announcements); National Day fixed by Law No. 11 of 2007 (18 December); National Sports Day fixed by Emiri decision (second Tuesday of February)","url":"https://www.amiridiwan.qa/"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/qa/public-holidays"},{"id":"cpi","name":"Consumer Price Index (latest month)","description":"Official monthly Consumer Price Index for Qatar, base year 2018=100, published by the National Planning Council (NPC), Qatar's statistical authority (formerly the Planning and Statistics Authority). The headline release reports the month-on-month change and index level.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-06","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-05-01","source":{"name":"National Planning Council (NPC) — Consumer Price Index for May 2026: index 110.05, month-on-month -0.51% (released 18 Jun 2026; reported by Qatar News Agency, official state agency)","url":"https://qna.org.qa/en/News-Area/News/2026-6/18/consumer-price-index-for-may-2026-records-a-monthly-decrease-of-051"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/qa/cpi"},{"id":"corporate-tax","name":"Corporate income tax rate","description":"Standard corporate income tax rate under the Income Tax Law No. 24 of 2018, administered by the General Tax Authority (GTA). Qatar taxes the FOREIGN-owned share of a business's profits; the Qatari- and GCC-owned share is generally exempt.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2019-01-01","source":{"name":"General Tax Authority (GTA) — Income Tax Law No. 24 of 2018: standard corporate income tax rate 10% of taxable income (higher minimum 35% for petroleum operations and petrochemical activities)","url":"https://gta.gov.qa/en/taxes-info"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/qa/corporate-tax"},{"id":"withholding-tax","name":"Withholding tax rates","description":"The withholding tax Qatar levies on payments to non-residents - a single 5% final deduction at source on royalties, interest, commissions and service fees under Article 9(2) of the Income Tax Law (Law No. 24 of 2018), with no withholding tax on dividends. Domestic statutory rates before any double-tax agreement relief. Administered by the General Tax Authority (GTA).","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2018-12-13","source":{"name":"Law No. (24) of 2018 Promulgating the Income Tax Law, Article 9(2): 'Subject to the provisions of tax agreements, royalties, interest, commissions, and fees for services performed wholly or partially in the State and paid to non-residents for activities not related to a permanent establishment in the State shall be subject to a final withholding tax of five percent (5%) of the total amount thereof, as determined by the Regulations.' (GTA official English translation)","url":"https://gta.gov.qa/assets/pdf/Law%20No.%20(24)%20of%202018%20Promulgating%20the%20Income%20Tax%20Law%20(3).pdf"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/qa/withholding-tax"},{"id":"statutory-interest","name":"Statutory default interest","description":"Qatar fixes no statutory or legal rate of default interest: Civil Code Art. 268 gives the court a discretionary indemnity for late payment of money, assessed on proved damage, and the Commercial Law contains no legal-interest article.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":null,"source":{"name":"Civil Code (Law No. 22 of 2004) Art. 268: 'Where the obligation is the payment of money and the obligor fails to make such payment after being notified to do so, and provided that the obligee proves he has incurred damages due to such non-payment, the court may order the obligor to pay indemnity, subject to the requirements of justice' — no rate, no reference series, no percentage anywhere in the Article","url":"https://www.almeezan.qa/LawArticles.aspx?LawArticleID=36712&LawID=2559&language=en"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/qa/statutory-interest"},{"id":"income-tax","name":"Personal income tax","description":"Personal income tax on individuals. STRUCTURAL NULL — Qatar imposes NO personal income tax on the salaries, wages and allowances of individuals, whether Qatari nationals or expatriates.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":null,"source":{"name":"General Tax Authority (GTA) — Income Tax Law No. 24 of 2018: salaries, wages and allowances are exempt from income tax; no personal income tax is levied on employment income","url":"https://gta.gov.qa/en/taxes-info"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/qa/income-tax"},{"id":"social-contributions","name":"Statutory social-insurance contributions","description":"Mandatory payroll contributions for a private-sector employee in Qatar (QA): the social-insurance contribution under Law No. 1 of 2022, which applies to Qatari nationals ONLY, and the end-of-service gratuity that stands in its place for the expatriate majority of the workforce.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-11","confidence":"secondary","effective_from":"2023-01-03","source":{"name":"Social Insurance Law promulgated by Law No. (1) of 2022 (State of Qatar) and its Implementing Regulations, administered by the General Retirement and Social Insurance Authority (GRSIA): employee contribution raised from 5% to 7% and employer contribution from 10% to 14% of the contributory wage (basic salary plus social and housing allowance) with a maximum contributory wage of QAR 100,000 per month, in force from 3 January 2023 with certain provisions effective on publication on 3 July 2022; Labour Law promulgated by Law No. (14) of 2004 and its amendments for end-of-service gratuity. Rates and base as reported in professional analyses of the Law and its Implementing Regulations, including those of Clyde & Co, Pinsent Masons, Sultan Al-Abdulla & Partners and Lockton.","url":"https://www.grsia.gov.qa/"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/qa/social-contributions"}]},{"country":"SA","name":"Saudi Arabia","currency":"SAR","series":[{"id":"policy-rate","name":"SAMA Repo Rate","description":"The Saudi Central Bank (SAMA) Repurchase Agreement (Repo) rate — the rate at which SAMA provides overnight liquidity to banks against eligible collateral, and the headline of SAMA's two administered policy rates. Because the Saudi riyal is pegged to the US dollar at SAR 3.75, SAMA has no independent rate cycle and moves in lockstep with the US Federal Reserve to defend the peg; decisions are announced within hours of the FOMC.","free":false,"stale":true,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2025-12-10","source":{"name":"Saudi Central Bank (SAMA), Repo Rate (Monetary Policy Tools), showing 4.25% effective 10/12/2025; decision of 10 December 2025 lowered the Repo rate by 25bps from 4.50% to 4.25% (and the Reverse Repo by 25bps from 4.00% to 3.75%) in line with the US Federal Reserve's 10 Dec 2025 cut","url":"https://www.sama.gov.sa/en-US/MonetaryPolicy/MonetaryPolicyTools/Pages/RepoRate.aspx"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/sa/policy-rate"},{"id":"vat","name":"Value Added Tax (standard rate)","description":"Standard rate of Value Added Tax, administered by the Zakat, Tax and Customs Authority (ZATCA) under the VAT Law (Royal Decree No. M/113 of 1438H) implementing the GCC Unified VAT Agreement, in force since 1 January 2018.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2020-07-01","source":{"name":"Zakat, Tax and Customs Authority (ZATCA), Value Added Tax Law and Implementing Regulations; standard rate raised from 5% to 15% by Royal Order No. A/638 (15 May 2020) effective 1 July 2020, confirmed across ZATCA's published VAT guidelines (which state VAT 'is assessed and added to the sales price' at 15%)","url":"https://zatca.gov.sa/en/RulesRegulations/Taxes/Pages/VATLaw.aspx"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/sa/vat"},{"id":"vat-registration-threshold","name":"VAT registration threshold","description":"The turnover at which VAT/GST registration becomes compulsory in Saudi Arabia, with the period the test runs over, the rule for non-established suppliers, and any separate treatment of imported digital services.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2018-01-01","source":{"name":"GCC Common VAT Agreement art. 50(2) — 'The Mandatory Registration Threshold shall be SAR 375,000 (or its equivalent in the GCC State currencies)' — as applied by the KSA VAT Implementing Regulations art. 3(1): a Resident Person 'must at the end of each month calculate the value of his Supplies made in the Kingdom within the twelve months then ended... In cases where this value exceeds the Mandatory Registration Threshold detailed in the Agreement, the Person must apply to the Authority to register within thirty (30) days of the end of that month' (ZATCA BoD Resolution 3839 of 14/12/1438H, as amended; VAT Law Royal Decree M/113; Agreement ratified by Royal Decree M/51).","url":"https://zatca.gov.sa/ar/RulesRegulations/Taxes/Documents/GCC%20VAT%20Agreement.pdf"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/sa/vat-registration-threshold"},{"id":"minimum-wage","name":"Minimum wage for Saudi nationals (Saudization / Nitaqat)","description":"Saudi Arabia has no universal statutory minimum wage covering all workers. This figure is the SAR 4,000/month minimum that applies to SAUDI NATIONALS for the purpose of the Saudization (Nitaqat) programme — a Saudi employee must be paid at least this to be counted as one full worker toward an employer's Saudization quota. Set by ministerial decision of the Minister of Human Resources and Social Development (MHRSD).","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-06","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2021-04-18","source":{"name":"Ministry of Human Resources and Social Development (MHRSD) ministerial decision raising the minimum wage for Saudis registered in the Nitaqat programme from SAR 3,000 to SAR 4,000 (issued November 2020, legal effect 18 April 2021), Saudi Press Agency announcement","url":"https://www.spa.gov.sa/en/e6780322f3"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/sa/minimum-wage"},{"id":"public-holidays","name":"Public holidays","description":"Official public holidays for 2026 under Article 112 of the Saudi Labor Law (Royal Decree M/51 of 1426H), administered by the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Development: four occasions totalling ~10 paid days — Founding Day, Eid al-Fitr, Eid al-Adha and National Day. Islamic (Hijri) holiday dates are set by moon-sighting; the 2026 dates below were officially announced by the Saudi authorities and are past/confirmed.","free":true,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-01-01","source":{"name":"Saudi Labor Law, Article 112 (Royal Decree M/51 of 1426H, as amended), administered by the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Development; 2026 Hijri dates per the Saudi moon-sighting announcements (Umm al-Qura calendar / Supreme Court): Eid al-Fitr first day announced 20 March 2026, Eid al-Adha (10 Dhul Hijjah) 27 May 2026 with Arafah on 26 May 2026","url":"https://www.hrsd.gov.sa/en/knowledge-centre/articles/322"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/sa/public-holidays"},{"id":"cpi","name":"Consumer Price Index inflation (year-on-year)","description":"Headline consumer price inflation, year-on-year percent change in the Consumer Price Index published monthly by the General Authority for Statistics (GASTAT), the Kingdom's official statistics office.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-09-08","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-07-01","source":{"name":"GASTAT (General Authority for Statistics, Saudi Arabia) - Consumer Price Index bulletin, July 2026 (English): 'The Consumer Price Index (CPI) in Saudi Arabia recorded an annual increase of 1.8% in July 2026, compared to the same month of the previous year (July 2025).'","url":"https://www.stats.gov.sa/documents/20117/2435267/CPI+Jul+2026-EN.pdf"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/sa/cpi"},{"id":"corporate-tax","name":"Corporate income tax rate","description":"Standard corporate income tax (CIT) rate on company profits, administered by the Zakat, Tax and Customs Authority (ZATCA) under the Income Tax Law (Royal Decree No. M/1 of 1425H, 2004). Applies to the share of a company owned by non-Saudi / non-GCC persons; the Saudi/GCC-owned share is instead subject to Zakat, not CIT.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2004-07-30","source":{"name":"ZATCA, Income Tax Law (Royal Decree No. M/1 of 15/1/1425H, 2004), Article 7 — standard corporate income tax rate of 20% on the tax base; scope per ZATCA's Income Tax Law / Implementing Regulations page (applies to resident capital companies in respect of non-Saudi partners' shares, and to non-resident persons with Saudi-source income)","url":"https://zatca.gov.sa/en/RulesRegulations/Taxes/Pages/IncomeTaxLaw.aspx"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/sa/corporate-tax"},{"id":"withholding-tax","name":"Withholding tax rates","description":"The withholding taxes Saudi Arabia levies on payments from a source in the Kingdom to non-residents - dividends, loan charges (interest), royalties, management fees, technical and consulting services and other services - each at its domestic statutory rate before any double-tax agreement relief. Imposed by Article 68 of the Income Tax Law (Royal Decree No. M/1 of 15/1/1425H) and Article 63 of its Implementing Regulations; administered by ZATCA.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2004-03-06","source":{"name":"ZATCA Tax Circular 'Implementation of Withholding Tax (WHT) Under the Double Taxation Agreement', Version 1, January 2025, s.3.1.5: 'in accordance with Article 68 of the Law and Article 63 of the Regulations, the WHT rates ... apply depending on the type of income: Management fees 20%; Royalties 15%; Dividends 5%; Rent 5%; Insurance/reinsurance 5%; Loan returns 5%; Technical & consulting services 5%; Airline tickets/air or sea freight 5%; International telecommunication services 5%; Any other services from sources in KSA 15%.'","url":"https://zatca.gov.sa/en/MediaCenter/Publications/Documents/Tax-Circular-WHT-Implementation-Under-Double-Taxation-Agreement.PDF"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/sa/withholding-tax"},{"id":"statutory-interest","name":"Statutory default interest","description":"Saudi Arabia has no statutory default interest: the rate is nil. Civil Transactions Law Art. 385 invalidates any interest condition, whether stipulated when the loan is made or on deferral of payment, and Art. 178 bars pre-agreed compensation where the obligation is a cash amount.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-10","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2023-12-16","source":{"name":"Civil Transactions Law (Royal Decree No. M/191 of 18 June 2023, in force 16 December 2023) Art. 385: 'Any condition requiring the payment of interest which the lender stipulates upon the conclusion of a loan contract or upon the deferral of payment shall be deemed invalid'; Art. 178: 'The contracting parties may specify in advance the amount of compensation whether in the contract or in a subsequent agreement, unless the subject of the obligation is a cash amount'","url":"https://misa.gov.sa/app/uploads/2025/07/Civil-Transactions-Law.pdf"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/sa/statutory-interest"},{"id":"income-tax","name":"Personal income tax","description":"Statutory personal income tax on individuals' salaries and wages, administered by the national tax authority (ZATCA).","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-07-24","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2004-07-30","source":{"name":"ZATCA, Income Tax Law (Royal Decree No. M/1 of 1425H, 2004) and Implementing Regulations — the tax reaches only resident capital companies (in respect of non-Saudi partners' shares) and non-resident persons with Saudi-source income; no provision imposes tax on resident individuals' employment income. There is no personal-income-tax statute in the Kingdom.","url":"https://zatca.gov.sa/en/RulesRegulations/Taxes/Pages/IncomeTaxLaw.aspx"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/sa/income-tax"},{"id":"social-contributions","name":"Statutory social-insurance contributions","description":"Mandatory payroll contributions for an ordinary private-sector employee in Saudi Arabia: employee and employer shares of each statutory branch, with the ceilings and the instrument fixing each rate.","free":false,"stale":false,"last_confirmed":"2026-08-08","confidence":"primary","effective_from":"2026-07-01","source":{"name":"Social Insurance Law, promulgated by Royal Decree No. M/273 dated 26/12/1445H, approving Council of Ministers Resolution No. 1022 dated 26/12/1445H, in force 3 July 2024 (Art. 63) — Art. 8(1) contribution basis, Art. 8(2) SAR 45,000 monthly contributory-wage ceiling, Art. 8(3) amendment procedure; Art. 9 remittance and late-payment fine; Art. 14 annuities scope; Art. 15(1)-(2) annuities statutory rate; Art. 16(1) age of entitlement; Arts. 28 and 29(1)-(2) occupational hazards; Arts. 43, 44(1)-(2) and 45(a) unemployment. OPERATIVE (transitional) rates sit in the two enacting instruments and they are NOT identical: Royal Decree M/273, Clause Third(1)(a)-(e), Third(2) and Third(3) fix the phased annuities rate; Council of Ministers Resolution No. 1022, Clause Third(6) fixes the operative SANED rate at 1.5% split 50/50 — that paragraph exists ONLY in the Resolution, not in the Royal Decree (Resolution Clause Tenth records that only Clause Third(1, 2, 3, 4 and 7) of the Resolution was carried into the Decree). Executive Regulation of the Social Insurance Law 1445H, Arts. 17 (contributory wage), 18(2) (piece-rate/commission workers), 19 (SAR 45,000 aggregate across employers) and 35 (suspension of contribution periods for non-payment). Legacy scheme: Social Insurance Law, Royal Decree No. M/33 dated 3/9/1421H, and Unemployment Insurance Law (SANED), Royal Decree No. M/18 dated 12/3/1435H, both continued in force for the categories in Clause Second by Clause Fourth of RD M/273 / Resolution 1022; legacy rates, the SAR 45,000 ceiling, the SAR 1,500 and SAR 400 floors and the age-50 wage-increase cap as published on GOSI's own contributor FAQ and its awareness platform. Step-up dates proven by GOSI's own guide \"الزيادة التدريجية لنسب الاشتراكات وتعليق مدد الاشتراك\" (awareness.gosi.gov.sa/pdf/Contributions.pdf).","url":"https://misa.gov.sa/app/uploads/2025/07/Social-Insurance-Law.pdf"},"url":"https://mearef.dev/v1/sa/social-contributions"}]}],"disclaimer":"Independent service, not affiliated with any government. Verify against the cited official source before legal or financial use."}